Corellation Between Spirituality, Emotions Essay Example for Free

Corellation Between Spirituality, Emotions Essay Theoretical  The motivation behind this paper is to depict the progressions during pregnancy, which is affected by different components like way of life adjustment, feelings and otherworldliness. The paper initially talks about in insight concerning the pressure and enthusiastic changes, which happens during pregnancy and its effect on both kid and mother. These outcomes are additionally bolstered with appropriate proof from different exploration.  Secondly, paper examines about how way of life change in pregnant ladies influences the youngster and mother and these outcomes are bolstered by proof from different research.â Finally, the paper talks about the profound accepts and its effect on pregnant ladies. Presentation Pregnancy is an actual existence occasion for which most ladies look forward as well. The side effects of pregnancy may in some cases be upsetting in any case, it is all advantageous. Women’s life changes totally during this period. This is the most unpleasant just as essential period in a women’s life. Appropriate arranging before pregnancy to conquer the physical and passionate changes is profoundly fundamental. Since, way of life adjustment, stress, uneasiness and diet changes produce significant effects in pregnant ladies and the hatchling, the requirement for appropriate way of life alteration during pregnancy is suggested by all doctors. This paper talks about the effect of three main considerations Stress, way of life alteration and otherworldliness in pregnant ladies with experimental proof from different examination contemplates. STRESS AND RELATED IMPACTS IN PREGNANT WOMEN Hopeful ladies are liable to worry because of a few components, which incorporates physical changes during pregnancy, ecological changes, way of life changes and a few different elements. Pregnant ladies other than physical changes likewise experience passionate changes at time of pregnancy. Emotional episodes are normal and ladies will confront passionate high points and low points in early pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Its is basic for pregnant ladies to cry or blow up and upset for no clear explanation.  Pregnancy Changes identified with pressure During first trimester, the pregnant ladies invest the majority of their energy by understanding the way that they are pregnant. They experience themselves internally and attempt to comprehend and beat the feelings of trepidation about the pregnancy. This must be the situation just when the ladies encountering the primary pregnancy. In later pregnancy, they become progressively acquainted with the changes. From the outset pregnancy, pregnant ladies are exposed to many dread, for example, dread about ceasing the activity, way of life changes, duty, efficient compels and so on. Shaky emotions are normal during the beginning period of pregnancy. Emotional episodes becomes higher prompting strange practices. The pregnant lady may giggle or sob for insignificant things. These are frequently identified with hormonal changes in the body. In any case, scientists accept that hormonal changes during pregnancy increase the power of the emotions and don't causes state of mind change. Not many specialists has recognized that the measure of tension is heavier in pregnant ladies who bears a kid infant, for which the reasons are unidentified. In the subsequent trimester, the eager mother gradually comes out of dread and uneasiness, which they encountered during the main trimester and starts feeling better as at this point they begin encountering the development of the child. During this period, the comprehension between the couple begins developing and gradually they acknowledge the presence of child. The lady begins indicating changes genuinely as she put on weight, likewise dread and nervousness develops quickly during this period as dread of premature delivery or catastrophe to the infant or to herself creates. Standing up against the dread to her significant other or to somebody close would remember herself from stress. During the last phase of pregnancy, the pregnant mother experience more dread and stress. As they become bigger in size, they experience low confidence and expect more consideration from all the darlings particularly from her significant other. They dread additionally with respect to conveyance inconveniences.  Physical worry during pregnancy and its effect Physical strain during pregnancy is equivalent to passionate strain. High physical worry during pregnancy isn't fitting as it has probability of initiating preterm conveyance among pregnant ladies. â€Å"In an exploration directed by Mozurkewich and Colleague among the representatives of pregnant ladies in U.S who had performed expanded physical work has conceived an offspring before their convey date. In another investigation directed among the ladies in France has demonstrated comparative outcomes.  Stress and its effect on diet Stress, strain, low vitality, weariness and other passionate changes can impact the eating routine inclination by the pregnant ladies. As indicated by the investigation led by the ‘Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health’, â€Å"the diet of the eager mother would influence the development of the embryo and the prosperity of the baby. As indicated by this investigation which was directed by ‘Kristen Hurley, Janet DiPietro, Kathleen Costigan and Laura Caulfield’, â€Å"Mother who experienced more exhaustion during the pregnancy time frame devoured more measure of vitality rich nourishments and zinc and expended less folate. Eager moms who felt progressively focused on chomped more measure of bites and sugar nourishments and furthermore devoured heaps of nourishments which is wealthy in fat, protein, iron and zinc. Stressed sentiments were associated with less fortunate utilization of nutrient C. Moms who were worried by pregnancy experience ate less meat.†Ã¢ â€Å"While pregnant ladies eating more measure of food may prompt increment in micronutrients and reduction the admission of other significant supplements like folate and nutrient C†, says, ‘Laura Caulfield, Ph.D. a partner teacher at the Bloomberg School of Public Health’s Center for Human Nutrition’.  Stress and its impact on the embryo Worry during pregnancy can achieve a few changes in mother and child’s wellbeing. It influences the pulse of the pregnant ladies. It additionally realizes pulse and nervousness in ladies. â€Å"According to Catherine Monk of Columbia University, passionate changes during pregnancy bring about heart issues in pregnant ladies and have significant impact on the fetus.†Ã¢ Earlier examination has indicated that worry during pregnancy prompts under weight babies and untimely infants. Analyst has discovered that pulse of mother is related to pulse of the embryo and when mother is pushed or stressed, it influences the newborn child straightforwardly. Scientists from John Hopkins University and National Institute of Child Health Development (NICHD) in their exploration have discovered that enthusiastic changes during pregnancy have direct effect on child’s conduct. Mother with expanded feeling and dread of pregnancy has kids with helpless conduct aptitudes and passionate disorder.â â â â€Å"According to Janet A. DiPietro, PhD, a formative clinician and educator at John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, expanded worry during pregnancy brings about substance changes which control the organ development and advancement of the fetus.† Along these lines, it is fundamental for a pregnant ladies to be liberated from pressure and feelings during and after pregnancy to bring forth a sound child and to keep up her own wellbeing. Way of life CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT IN EXPECTANT MOTHER Way of life alteration during pregnancy influences both mother and youngster particularly when is by all accounts negative. Eager moms who are associated with propensities, for example, Cigarette, liquor, caffeine and so forth are under danger of creating bosom disease, conveyance entanglements and pass the danger of social issue to their kid. Aside from this eating regimen, alteration and exercise design additionally has sway on child’s development. Hopeful mother with dietary problem or indulging propensities are inclined to low-birth weight or over weight babies. Change in diet with deficient supplements or over sustenance prompts gestational diabetes. The youngster destined to such guardians creates Type I diabetes and are additionally in danger of creating cardiovascular issues. Lower folate utilization previously and during the hour of pregnancy would prompt birth imperfection and neurological issues. Consequently, appropriate sustenance consumption when pregnancy is basic. Utilization of Alcohol at the hour of pregnancy prompts premature birth, influences the hatchling advancement, causes genuine birth deserts especially the scholarly development of the youngster. Consequently, it is prudent to keep away from liquor utilization previously and during pregnancy. Pregnant ladies who drink vigorously are in danger of bringing forth kid with liquor condition for example a disorder, which has significant impact on mental and physical wellbeing. Likewise, pregnant ladies who expends higher measure of caffeine are additionally in danger of creating unsuccessful labor and birth deserts. Likewise, substantial presentation to synthetic compounds can prompt birth deserts. Different investigations have demonstrated that presentation to unsafe synthetic compounds as solvents at work place have brought about increment in the danger of premature birth or birth surrenders. Aside from these, activity during pregnancy is exceptionally fundamental. Exercise during pregnancy reinforces the lower back and lower mid-region. Absence of appropriate exercise would bring about caesarian and conveyance inconveniences. Exercise can lessen the work inconveniences and the danger of conveyance. Ordinary exercise and strolling would be increasingly compelling whenever followed in the second and third trimester. It encourages the pregnant ladies to be mitigated out of clogging, uneasiness because of expanded weight, weariness, spinal pains and so forth  Diet adjustment during pregnancy influences the youngster and the posterity An examination study directed by â€Å"Children’s clinic Oakland Research Institute by David Martin, M.D, Dr. Jennifer Cropley and Catherine Suter from Victor Chang Heart Institute in Sydney, November 2006, has discovered that, ‘ mother’s diet during pregn

ANOVA Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANOVA Study - Coursework Example Or on the other hand esteem 0 can be relegated to the negative (dissatisfaction and sorrow) mind-sets and worth ‘1’ can be allocated to the positive (joy and smoothness) states of mind. The three levels A, B and C are the gatherings which comprises of three gatherings of individuals viewing the above said three TV appears. The free factor in this investigation is the kind of TV appear and the needy variable is states of mind of the individuals. It is expected that temperaments of the individuals rely upon the kind of the TV shows they are viewing. In light of this supposition, invalid and elective theory are planned. H0: u1=u2=†¦.=uk and Ha: all us are not equivalent. The F-proportion rises to the mean square between bunches separated by the mean square inside gatherings. That is, Fobt= MS bn/MSwn . At the point when F-proportion is discovered critical, Fobt ought to be more noteworthy than 1 (Heiman, 2003). In our investigation, the outcomes are seen as noteworthy. That is, invalid speculation is dismissed and elective theory is acknowledged. Kind of TV shows has noteworthy job in affecting people’s state of mind. For Post â€hoc correlations, t-test is directed. From t-test, we can discover what kind of TV show is progressively critical job in affecting people’ states of mind. Among A, B or C, which one prompts the bliss and smoothness of the individuals. At the end of the day, which TV show assumes job in driving the people’s states of mind to wretchedness or disappointment. At the point when a factor is examined utilizing free examples in all conditions, it is called between-subjects factor. Our examination utilize between-subjects factor ANOVA. The determination of our three example bunches are totally autonomous. We are gathering data from three diverse gathering of people viewing distinctive TV appears and thus our examination is between-subjects factor

Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amenability Theory by Brown and Levinson - Essay Example Everybody has a real face and a face with the veil. While addressing somebody you pass by pretentions, contingent on your gauge of the idea of the person. Savvy deals staff in a departmental store outline their own definitions and methodologies while managing the clients. Be that as it may, inconsiderate air ought not be a standard yet a special case. Howsoever ground-breaking may the floods of the sea, their genuine nature is simple water! Correspondingly man’s genuine nature is pleasantness. Lack of consideration is the trademark. Gracious and rude additionally should be comprehended in the semantic, social and ethnic settings. Culture impacts our method of articulation. Word implications and their suggestions in a specific setting are unique.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â My genuine models concerning how graciousness spared the circumstance  â â â Politeness is harmony giving. Graciousness should be tempered with humor in basic circumstances. It isn't the quality of the weakling. It is a benefit of the solid! â€Å"Silence is the best solid on Earth,† said Mr. Boris Pasternak, the renowned Russian creator. I cordially differ and want to give a few models from my own life, why and how I was obliged to end the obstruction of quietness to safeguard myself without culpable the person before me. In one of the contentions in the shopping center when I was making edgy endeavors to limit the conceivable cut on my Visa, and mentioning my better half to put a break to the shopping binge, she provoked me to ask, â€Å"Do you generally believe that whatever you state is correct?†

Shakespeare has used conflict Essay Example

Shakespeare has utilized clash Essay Example Shakespeare has utilized clash Essay Shakespeare has utilized clash Essay So as to draw in a group of people towards subjects, a dramatist must utilize strife. Show how Shakespeare has utilized clash in The Tempest to investigate thoughts that are of premium. In doing as such, allude in detail to the scholarly and emotional components employed. Shakespeare in this play decides to speak to Prospero as a solid, amazing pioneer as they would be at this timeframe in England, be that as it may albeit an English ruler must be incredible they should likewise show a feeling of sympathy and receptiveness about them. The play depends on selling out and vengeance, which become the primary fixings to a profoundly engaging play. Prospero (who was at one time the duke of Milan) and his girl, Miranda was sent to an island by his sibling Antonio and his foe Alonso, King of Naples and Sebastian, Alonsos sibling. Prospero was beginning to find enchantment and turned out to be less engaged with his duties of being a Duke and focused more on the domain of otherworldly powers. Antonio considered this to be an ideal chance to dispose of Prospero and take over as Duke of Milan with the assistance on Alonso and Sebastian. This storyline is loaded with strife empowering the crowd to become engaged decently fast because of the tension made on what Prospero will do to announce his vengeance. Prospero is spoken to as a pioneer. Pioneers must have quality and force; his omnipotent force is demonstrated right from the earliest starting point of the play when he makes the tempest. In spite of the fact that the group and the nobles are ignorant that Prospero is answerable for the tempest, he despite everything figures out how to place dread and fear into the travelers on board the boat. The occasions Prospero makes using his enchantment, for example, the tempest, makes tension all through the play, as the crowd need to recognize what other incredible things he will do to show his capacity. The tension is developed through each emotional occasion brought about by Prospero making this play profoundly engaging and dramatic to how Prospero will get his last vengeance. A play with a lot of contention that develops to the gigantic peak of the play makes The Tempest an amazingly engaging and alluring play to watch or read. Shakespeare utilizes strife all through this specific play through various characters, for example, Prospero with Sebastian, Alonso and Antonio over the reality of Prosperos expulsion and needing retribution on the nobles for their actions,â Though with their high wrongs I am hit to thquick Yet with my nobler explanation gainst my fury Prospero needs vengeance on Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio for disposing of him from his situation in status and sending him away. Anyway in the wake of startling and rebuffing the nobles Prospero understands that not make any difference what he does to them it wont change an inappropriate doing of their activities towards him or the individual where they have become. To work mine end upon their faculties that This vaporous appeal is for; Ill break my staff Bury it certain distances in the earth,â And more profound did ever plunge sound Ill suffocate my book Here Prospero understands no measure of enchantment will fix what has occurred previously or the change the individual they have become, the change needs to originate from inside Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio. One other clash is with Antonio and Sebastian over Alonso, And look how well my articles of clothing sit upon me, Much feater than previously. My siblings servants Were then my colleagues. Presently they are my men. They are plotting to murder him to increase a higher honorability status and they will pull off executing him as nobody would be around to see since they are on another island along these lines they could state he suffocated with the boat. This statement additionally shows that the two nobles feel no regret for the wrongs they did to Prospero. On the off chance that they could dispose of Prospero and have feeling of remorse, at that point whats to state they will feel any feeling to murdering Alonso. Tension is made additionally through the locations of Sebastian and Antonio, the crowd are held speculating to the happenings of their abhorrent plot being completed to whether they will slaughter the King. An equal clash is between Caliban, Trinculo, Stephano and Prospero, Caliban needs to be liberated from Prospero and meets Trinculo and Stephano who have been wandered upon the island after the sinking of the rulers transport. Caliban convinces Trinculo and Stephano to assist him with executing Prospero with the end goal for him to be free; he will compensate them by being Stephanos slave. Stephano consents to this as They will spread out ten to see a dead Indian. Stephano and Trinculo are just aiding Caliban, as he will make them a considerable amount of cash when they return him to England. At this specific time in the century, (after the dull ages) a great deal of things were being found as individuals discovered methods for going the world over, so any living thing that wasnt white with two arms and two legs was viewed as an abnormal animal and reclaimed to England. They would be utilized in crack shows and general society would pay to see these unusual revelations making the proprietor of the poor casualties a chunk of change. This specific play draws in a cutting edge crowd, it reveals to us a smidgen of the history in England around that time. Not exclusively is the play engaging yet in addition it is instructive in its own little manner. Prosperos status in power is demonstrated by and by in this scene among Prospero and Ferdinand, the rulers child. He utilizes Ferdinand to make his retribution on Alonso. So as to utilize Ferdinand in his plan, Prospero orders his slave Ariel, to captivate the youthful sovereign who thinks his dad has suffocated, however unbeknown to Ferdinand he is alive on another piece of the island. Prosperos power is additionally appeared through Ariel, he is Prosperos slave making him an amazing figure of the island. Ariel prods Ferdinand; she sings brutal tunes so as to make Ferdinand think his dad is dead Full understand five thy father lies Of his bones are coral made Those are pearls that were his eyes Nothing of him that doth fade The strategies utilized in this specific scene are utilized keenly; emotional incongruity and tension are made to make this piece of the play engaging. Ariel and the crowd realize that Alonso is fit as a fiddle yet the expressions of Ariels tune make Ferdinand think the most exceedingly awful, as he doesnt know about his dad whereabouts. The scene is emotional because of not realizing what will befall Ferdinand, and thinking about whether Ferdinand will consistently observing his dad once more. As I would see it, the primary clash in The Tempest is among Prospero and Sebastian, Alonso and Antonio. Prospero urgently needs vengeance on his sibling and the King of Naples alongside Sebastian for his expulsion. Shakespeare makes anticipation directly from the earliest starting point scene, for example, the tempest made through Prosperos power, up until the finish of the play when Prosperos vengeance isn't so significant any increasingly because of the reality of understanding that absolution is the best policy. Suspense is made as the crowd dont really know whether everybody will escape alive from the sinking transport which has occurred in the absolute first scene and to whether the nobles will be rebuffed further for their off-base doings.

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Numerous individuals imagine that Huckleberry Finn is a supremacist novel and they have even gone similar to forbidding the novel from specific schools. They base this view on the way that the word â€Å"nigger† is utilized regularly and they see the dark individuals being depicted in a debasing manner to show that they are mediocre compared to the white society. In spite of this thought, Huckleberry Finn is definitely not a supremacist novel. Imprint Twain really assaults bigotry by parodying the way of life of the white individuals and shows that they have no explanation at all to believe that they are superior to the blacks. This caricaturizing of the white individuals is viably found in the depiction of the ruler and the duke. Imprint Twain begins to deride the lord and the duke when they are first presented in the novel. Their appearance gives a negative impression directly from the beginning. The ruler is portrayed as having, â€Å"an old battered-up slump cap on, and an oily blue woolen shirt,† and he’s wearing, â€Å"ragged old Levis britches stuffed into his boot tops.†(Pg. 121) The duke is depicted as much the equivalent. This early introduction causes us to feel as though these men are rubbish and we don’t have an excellent impression of them. The second thing that these men do likewise is utilized to deride society in two different ways. The primary man (the duke) makes up a story that he was really the Duke of Bridgewater. He said that he was the child of the newborn child duke that was disregarded to assume control over a position. Not to be beaten, the subsequent man (the lord) makes up a story that he was really the legitimate King of France. Imprint Twain utilizes H uck Finn to show what he thinks about these two men. â€Å"It didn’t take me to long to decide that these liars warn’t no lords nor dukes by any means, yet simply wicked good fakes and frauds.†(Pg.125) These men are setting up a bogus front simply like society does and Mark Twain appears through Huck that he can see directly through this bogus front. The second thing that is taunted is the way that these individuals imagine that they are sovereignty. Jim asks why these men continue so a lot and Huck lets him know, â€Å" . . .since it’s in the variety. I figure they’re all alike,† and he additionally says, â€Å"all lords is for the most part scoundrels, as hide as I can make out.

Bridge paper

The manufacturers couldn't have envisioned that it would be still being used more than 100 years after its opening (ENDEX Engineering 2007). So who were these individuals who constructed the scaffold? What gave them the vitality to develop one of the world’s most prominent wonders? It very well may be securely said that there were just three individuals who put stock in the task through and through. These were the Roeblings’; father, child, and son’s spouse. The account of their accomplishment is the equivalent so while the rest of this paper will harp on child Washington Roebling’s accomplishments it could simply be the tale of the other two.Education and Practical Training Washington Roebling was the child of a noteworthy man, conceived May 26th 1837 in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania. Few recall his dad; which says something regarding Washington’s achievements. His dad possessed an extremely effective wire rope business and was a pioneer in the field of iron and steel link. As Washington developed more established, he started to assist his with fathering in designing undertakings. Since wire rope is a sublime counterpart for engineered overpass development with adaptability and a high rigidity, the Roeblings’ accomplished a lot of work in this field (Invention Factory 2007).Before entering the military, Washington went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Much like structural building majors today, it took him four years to get his degree, however it was significantly more involved than is permitted today. The instruction, thinking back to the 1800’s was for the most part hands on preparing, while today PC advancements and getting rid of dissidents through thoughtless schoolwork assume an enormous job in training. Today present day designing understudies, communities and entry level positions help give practical situations.During the common war, wherein Washington Roebling served eminently as a desig ner official in the sixth New York Calvary, Washington started to become well known. He fabricated a 1200 foot engineered overpass over the Rappahannock River and invested a lot of his energy in a sight-seeing balloon, the common war rendition of air surveillance. Before the development of the Brooklyn Bridge, John sent Washington to Europe to read new techniques for the sinking of the establishments. Later in his life, Washington would present practically all the credit and information got for the Brooklyn Bridge to his father.Knowledge from the military and from his father were utilized in his completing of the two goliath stone brick work towers that climbed 276 feet above high water over which to suspend wire links to help a street 135 feet at its most elevated point over the water. This tallness was required for boats to go under. The scaffold would be wide, at 85 feet, and the links that would bolster the range would be bound to gigantic jettys of 60,000 tons each (ENDEX Engin eering 2007). The Brooklyn Bridge was an inventive venture. Table 2 shows all the achievements and advancements that are identified with the Brooklyn Bridge.Socioeconomic and Political Environments After the Civil War, Washington came back to the privately-run company, helping with finishing two more engineered overpasses over the Ohio River (Invention Factory 2007). During this time Washington’s father, John, got keen on building a scaffold over the East River. New York officials at long last understood the requirement for a course over the East River and passed a bill for a type of development. The biggest limitation that the designs for the structure needed to comply with was its stature over the stream, which was set to dodge contact with poles of boats that goes under it.This thought of an extension was the same old thing. For a long time, various methods for connecting Brooklyn and New York had been thought of (Trachtenberg 1965). Before long, the city of New York set u p the main ships from Manhattan to Brooklyn in 1812 however increasingly flexible travel was required. The Brooklyn Bridge was raised out of financial need and endless suburbia (Brooke and Davidson 2006). New York City was an immense movement center. In the mid-1800’s, people started to emigrate from Europe and many settled in Brooklyn. Subsequently, many lived in loading up houses.Brooklyn as of now comprised for the most part of Irish foreigners. Settlers were paid ineffectively considered the work they proceeded as it was consistently the most requesting and hazardous. From 1860 to 1870, Brooklyn’s populace development was 50 percent; the quickest developing city at that point (Trachtenberg 1965). Manhattan was something contrary to Brooklyn, in that it was fundamentally a business locale in the mid 1800’s. Roughly 40 percent of bet workers in Brooklyn had employments in Manhattan. The northeastern coast was a significant center for imports and assembling mer chandise after the Erie Canal was built.At the time the best way to get from Manhattan to Brooklyn was by pixie which was regularly moderate and hampered by storms. Taking the ships would in general be exceptionally hazardous. Plans for an either an extension or a passage over the East River were hindered by the Civil War. Extensions were believed to be unimaginable as no materials where known to be sufficiently able to help the required range. Some portion of the issue was that the extension should have been high over the channel to permit masted boats to go underneath it, even at high tide. These subtleties had demonstrated outlandish until then.A armada of ships moved individuals and merchandise over the stream each day. John Roebling, with his wire rope business and history of effective engineered overpasses, had a feasible arrangement (Invention Factory 2007). The Brooklyn Bridge would utilize steel in its links. Great created iron breaks at 30 tons where great steel of a simil ar size breaks at 75 tons (2. multiple times more grounded) (Hart 1967). While it was not trusted at the time as a result of its novelty, the Roeblings’ had confidence in its quality. At that point, engineered overpasses were seen with suspicion.Many had bombed in storms or under live loads; be that as it may, none of the extensions John had constructed had ever fizzled. One reason he had succeeded was that he made them extremely hardened, forestalling flexing from wind that would torment other engineered overpass developers into the following century and most broadly in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, over 70 years after John. After due discussion, the Brooklyn Bridge Company was shaped with John Roebling as boss architect (Invention Factory 2007). One thing that the occasions loaned to the task was a decent wellspring of modest labor.Poor migrants, essentially Irish, were the ones who worked the most on the scaffold. They additionally took the brunt of the losses. Roughl y 20-30 individuals kicked the bucket during development and organization saw it as important and unavoidable. Work was exceptionally manual and at the time laborers had almost no force in legislative issues. The Irish laborers didn't appreciate the decision of date, as it harmonized with the Queen’s birthday. Mechanical Context and Construction Details In December 1849, a mishap mutilated Roebling’s father’s left hand while experiencing testing on the creative wire rope machinery.This new innovation would set this scaffold a long ways comparatively radical, using a braded setup permitting adaptability and simpler taking care of (Trachtenberg 1965). The Brooklyn Bridge would utilize steel in its links. Great fashioned iron breaks at 30 tons where great steel of a similar size breaks at 75 tons (2. multiple times more grounded) (Hart 1967). While steel was not trusted at the time on account of its novelty, the Roeblings’ had confidence in its quality. At t hat point, steel or no steel, engineered overpasses were seen with doubt. Many had bombed in storms or under live loads; nonetheless, none of the extensions John had fabricated had ever failed.One of the reasons he had succeeded was that he made them exceptionally hardened, forestalling flexing from wind that would torment other engineered overpass manufacturers into the following century and most broadly in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, over 70 years after John’s lifetime. Development was extremely dangerous around then, in any event, for boss specialists. Toward the beginning of the undertaking, the Brooklyn Bridge Company lost a significant part. A ferryboat squashed John Roebling’s foot when he was nearby. In the wake of having his toes cut away, during which he declined sedative, a contamination set in and murdered him (ENDEX Engineering 2007).Surprisingly there was little discussion over who ought to succeed him. Washington Roebling was at that point profoun dly associated with the task so he was delegated replacement (Invention Factory 2007). In 1872 debacle struck once more. Washington himself was down in the caissons more than any one else. He was out of nowhere hit with what was called caisson ailment, and is what is currently called the curves (Invention Factory 2007). This infection was not comprehended at that point and results from delayed presentation to high weights and afterward unexpected decompression, permitting nitrogen air pockets to frame in blood and perhaps obstruct them.Washington was not the first to become sick from the twists, truth be told, individuals had as of now passed on of it however work continued on. In the wake of returning despite the fact that unmistakably wiped out, Washington was laid up, disabled for the rest of the venture. He was just ready to represent 10 minutes when the scaffold opened in 1883 (Smithsonian Associates 2004). Washington remained head engineer providing orders from his bed yet the individual generally noticeable to guests at the undertaking was his significant other, Emily. She knew the same amount of about the venture as Washington.When a leading body of enquiry was assembled to attempt to expel the disabled head engineer she expelled adequate uncertainty from its individuals for Roebling to remain (Smithsonian Associates 2004). To state she was the head specialist would just be an exceptionally slight misrepresentation. The towers that bolstered the range were made out of limestone, rock and cement. Recently discovered strategies for making steel made it a modest, solid metal for the suspension links (Hart 1967). The main request of business was to sink the two goliath caissons into the riverbed to help the towers (Figure 1).These were made of 12 x

Fitzgeralds From Rags To Riches - Free Essay Example

Happiness is the key to a fulfilled life; but in many cases this pursuit is hard to attain. The American Dream is an etho of the United States. It is the ideal that prosperity will bring you life, liberty and happiness. To many, the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity; it has brought inferior outcomes, more working hours for big investments and less hours to enjoy their success. The term, rags to riches is usually intertwined with the ideal of the American Dream. When the working poor seek a prosperous life, they are lavished with riches, hence the term rags to riches. But can money really buy you happiness? In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsbys erroneous plan of achieving his dream to be with Daisy, exemplifies the rags to riches trend of the pursuit of the American Dream. In the novel, Fitzgerald emphasizes Gatsbys luxurious life and later reveals that Gatsby was not always rich. Nick Carraway, the narrator of this book, foreshadows that Gatsby is hiding something from the past as he is skeptical about the stories that Gatsby tells throughout the book. There were always so many stories about Gatsby, it was hard for Nick to identify which ones were true and which ones were not. But he always found so much respect for Gatsby, Theyre a rotten crowd, I shouted across the lawn. ?Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together . Although Nick looks up to this great Gatsby, we learn that Gatsby didnt always live a great life. It was Gatsbys father, a solemn old man, very helpless and dismayed, bundled up in a long cheap ulster against the warm September day . At the beginning of the book, Gatsby illustrates himself as a man from a wealthy family with a father who had died. But in the last chapter we are introduced to Mr. Gatz, Gatsbys father, and we learn that Gatsby was born into a poor family, and fabricated most of his past. Within the last five years of his life, he was able to become successful enough to impress his one true love, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby was so focused on making Daisy happy, that he overlooked all the greatness that he already possessed. Using the money that Gatsby had obtained, he held extravagant parties for all of East and West Egg to enjoy, The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher (40). Everyone was guaranteed a great night at Gatsbys parties. But the primary purpose of these parties were to attract as much attention as possible, in hopes that one day a party would catch the eye of Daisy and entice her to attend. Gatsby always looked for Daisy at his parties. He didnt socialize much with others though, he was too focused on grabbing Daisys attention. When he his feelings with Daisy, he wanted to take her away from her husband and relive the love they once had. Cant repeat the past? he cried incredulously. ?Why of course you can. He still believed that no matter what obstacle came in his path, he we would be with Daisy. But his flashy new life and passionate heart, lead to his death. If Gatsby was not rich, he would not have been able to afford his yellow car, in which caused the accident of Myrtle Wilsons death. Lovestruck Gatsby had allowed Daisy to drive his car that night; she had been the one to hit Myrtle. Gatsby was too in love with Daisy to blame her for the death. As a result, George Wilson, Myrtles husband, killed Gatsby. Gatsby would of done anything to keep Daisy safe. He had made himself a successful man, and yet he didnt feel the greatness; he didnt have the one thing he really wanted, Daisy. But even Daisy, being the careless person she was, did not attend Gatsbys funeral. I found myself at Gatsbys side, and alone (164). Nick Carraway, the only man who Gatsby truly befriended, cared to be with his body everyday until his funeral. Only three people showed up to pay their respects to a man who gave all of West and East Egg so much. But it showed that even with his riches and big parties, he still didnt have many friends.

College Application Extra Material

College Application Extra Material February 24, 2012 Dont send unnecessary extra materials with your college application. Elle Woods didnt really get into Harvard Law (photo credit: Jerry Avenaim). Including college application extra material is always a risk. From time to time, parents send us these big books filled with accomplishments of their child. Sometimes, these books even have glitter on the covers. Sometimes theyre filled with news clippings, photocopies of awards, photographs of trophies and ribbons, and other accomplishments. Once, we even got a book that included a copy of every award and report card the kid earned since kindergarten. Would you be surprised to learn that some applicants send such weird things along with their applications? Why would anyone think that sending such accomplishments and weird extra material would help ones case for college admission? Why would a parent think that an article about winning a scavenger hunt as a ten year-old would push a student over the edge? Or a cute photo of the applicant at nine in a pirate outfit? Oy vey. These materials would definitely not help! In fact, it would only hurt ones chances! The student would be regarded as weird in a bad way! A very bad way. Dont ever send such superfluous material that has utterly zero relevance to your chances for college admission! If you otherwise have an outstanding application and you include a book like this, we promise your chances for admission will be severely hurt. No question about it. So dont submit weird extra material with your college application. Legally Blonde was a movie, as weve previously stated in our newsletter on college essays. Dont submit your activity sheet on pink paper  (even though its submitted electronically so this would be rather rough!). Dont include glitter. This is not the way to stand out. Well, you might stand outbut not in a good way! Just take our advice on this one. We promise were right. And seriously no glitter!

Rotten Apples By Haley Sweetland Edwards - 1162 Words

Analysis: Rotten Apples In the article, â€Å"Rotten Apples,† Haley Sweetland Edwards discusses the issues of teacher tenure and struggling schools in California. Rich businessmen like David Welch argued that California’s constitution regarding to job protection makes it difficult for schools to remove bad teachers who are hurting their student’s future. This lead to a group of businessmen and lawyers joining together to start â€Å"Vergara† cases on several courts around the nation (149). However, the teacher’s union think that Welch’s objective was conflicting and puts the union in danger as a whole, not just the â€Å"bad† teachers. The Time’s method of presenting this article will determine their responsibility and whether their method justifies the journalistic way of writing about the topic. As was previously stated, the article states the issues of job protection and teacher tenure that were pushed by businessmen and lawy ers. The article focuses on whether the Vergara cases are justified or legitimate. The title of the story partially represents its entire contents accurately. The title, â€Å"Rotten Apples,† possesses a negative connotation to it and the article does talk about the bad teachers in a certain extent. However, the rest of the article questions the Welch’s logical reasoning during the Vergara case. Even though his aim is to get rid of the bad teachers, his success on winning the case has also caused many great teachers being laid off. These are some of the examples that

Food Habits Food Preferences Essay - 1556 Words

* Food habits – Food preferences established in early childhood may affect food choices throughout life. The choice of food is a learned experience and that familiarity with food is a major basis of likes and dislikes. Several studies have shown that children’s liking for particular foods increases as a function of exposure frequency, suggesting that parent’s choices of the foods to offer their children may be an important determinant of their food preferences. But it may be worthwhile to encourage parents to offer their children as wide a variety of foods as possible, including foods that the parents themselves dislike. Children should learn to accept food by repeated exposures, denying young children the opportunity to taste a wide variety of foods may limit their range of acceptable foods as they mature. * Technology – Technology and the media also influence food decisions. Advertising, television cooking shows, and in – store marketing using product samples are all ways the media influences our decision-making process regarding food choices. Food additives that prolong shelf-life, enhance flavour, or improve nutritional value are all ways that technology can influence our food choices. * Food production and distribution system – Food production and distribution system have wide-ranging impacts on the nutritional attributes of food. However, agricultural production can be and often is enormously destructive to ecosystems. The increasing incidence of obesity, diabetes,Show MoreRelatedFood Choices Of College Life And Time Affect Eating Habits1188 Words   |  5 Pagesmotivations in food choices of college students to see how college life and time affect eating habits. Students often must balance busy lives and have limited income, so money and time often are critical when deciding what to eat. The main concepts of my research question have to do with what causes people to eat healthily or unhealthily. The point is to try to understand what influences people’s eating habits, primarily how social class and time influence eating habits. Healthy food is often muchRead MoreAnalysis Of The Clark County District, Las Vegas, Nevada Essay837 Words   |  4 Pag escombination affords them efficiencies in labour and the capacity to satisfy the needs of the school district. (National food Service Management Institute, 2002). LO 1.2 Factors Affecting Recipes and Menus for Specific Systems Recipes and menus are important tools for sales and the development of a production plan in any outlet or establishment. A menu is a list a certain types of food items and beverages that are offered by establishments to their consumers for a particular period of time whichRead MoreFood Culture Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesFactors Influencing Food Habits and Culture Eating food is essential for all of us, it keep us alive and also gives us enjoyment at the same time. Food can be defined as any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue. (ilearn) In ancient time, when people feel hungry, they eat. However, as human history keep developing and evolving, we have a higher standard on choosing food that we like to eat nowadays. In this paper, we are going to evaluate factors thatRead MoreBreastfeeding : Eating And Emotional Diet, And Childhood759 Words   |  4 Pagescontents that the fetus is â€Å"exposed to† can increase the familiarity and acceptance of that food and taste when the infant begins breast feeding, and later, consuming solid foods. When the child begins breast feeding, more characteristics of eating behaviors begin to be shaped. Breastfeeding an infant has been identified as being protective against obesity, by increasing variety of taste exposures to foods in breast milk, and also allowi ng the child to learn self-regulation of eating patterns thatRead MoreFood Preferences : An Integral Part Of Human Culture1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Food is an integral part of human culture, from the macro or societal level down to the micro level of individuals and families. The way humans choose, prepare, and eat food is often deeply influenced not only by personal taste but also by cultural background. When two individuals begin a romantic relationship, they often have to learn how to combine two different food cultures into one cohesive unit. Couples who have food preferences that are vastly different may have much more troubleRead Moreâ€Å"How to Avoid Bad Eating Habits† Is One Course All College Students Should Take1217 Words   |  5 PagesAudience: Adults Tone: Serious Thesis: â€Å"How to avoid bad eating habits† is one course all college students should take. Pattern of Development: Exemplification Organizational approach: Emphatic Order Challenges related with eating habits of college students Nutrition awareness Strong taste preferences Fluctuating schedules Food industry and media Nutritious diet Reading food labels Regular, well balanced meals Food pyramid Nutrition Guides Tips to healthy eating Record whatRead MoreNutritional Requirements of Individual with Dementia Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagessuggests ways to help. A person with dementia may no longer recognise the food in front of them. They may struggle to use a knife and fork as co-ordination becomes difficult. The person may not open their mouths as food approaches and may need reminding to do so. Food may be difficult to chew or swallow or they may not want to accept assistance with eating. 2. Dementia can greatly affect a persons relationship to food and eating. The behavioural, emotional and physical changes that take placeRead MoreAchieving Better Health For The American Population1501 Words   |  7 Pagesensures the increased quality of life. People eat for various reasons with the fundamental reason being for survival purposes. However, the issue of eating to live and living to eat affects people in different manners as most people develop poor eating habits that affect the body’s nutritional intake and affects their health. Being healthy involves careful considerations of what one is eating and engaging in activities that contribute to better healthy lives that do not imply daily prescriptions or spendingRead MoreNegative Effects On Junk Food911 Words   |  4 Pagesincome a year on fast food†? (Johns 2). There are certain ingredients in junk food and fast food that keep people coming back for more. Although junk food is not as addictive as alcohol and drugs, it certainly has similar effects on the brain, which has brought scientists to the conclusion that most junk food has addictive properties. It is so easy these days to go to the store and buy cheap junk food, but knowing the negative outcomes may have people reconsider their food options. Gaining more knowledgeRead MoreMotivation and the Brain - Eating Healthy Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding hunger, appetite and food intake, and everything to do with the concept of pleasure including satisfaction, comfort and creative activities (Incredible Horizons,  2009).   It appears that almost everything the Hypothalamus does is related in some way to weight management and controlled weight loss. When the Hypothalamus is not working properly, food becomes more important, but increasingly more unfulfilling. We end up never feeling satisfied with the foods which we have eaten, gradually

Essay on The Importance of Pearl in Hawthornes The...

The Significance of Pearl One of the most complex characters in The Scarlet Letter is Pearl, the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. Throughout the story, she develops into a dynamic individual, as well as an extremely important symbol. Pearl is shunned from society because of her mothers sin. She is a living representation of the scarlet letter, acting as a constant reminder of Hesters sin. Hawthorne uses vivid descriptions to characterize Pearl. She is first described as the infant, ...whose innocent life had sprung, by the inscrutable decree of Providence, a lovely and immortal flower, out of the rank luxuriance of a guilty passion. (Hawthorne 81). From the beginning of her life she is viewed as the†¦show more content†¦The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate, (Hawthorne 168). The sunshine is grateful for Pearl, accepting her as an equal. Hawthorne describes another sign of acceptance as the great black forest...became the playmate of the lonely infant. (Hawthorne 187). Eventually it is declared, The truth seems to be, however, that the mother-forest, and these wild things which it nourished all recognized wildness in the human child. (Hawthorne 188). Because the community does not accept her, Pearl takes on the characteristics of nature because nature accepts her as one of its own. Pearls character lacked reference, and adapt ation to the world into which she was born. The child could not be made amenable to rules. (Hawthorne 83). This quote shows a striking resemblance in description between Pearl and nature. Pearl and nature are referred to as not adapting to Puritan society. This characteristic makes Pearl so different because she is unaffected by the community, and is a product of nature and its ways. Hawthornes descriptions and developments of the relationship between Pearl and Nature further characterize Pearl who has been thrust out of Puritan society. The members of the Puritan society view PearlShow MoreRelatedScarlet Letter : A Dark Gloom Hung1105 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Mallinos Mrs. Costigan AP English III 16 February 2015 The Scarlet Letter A dark gloom hung over Nathaniel Hawthorne’s head for most of his life causing his writings to be intoxicated with his everlasting thrust for darkness. In The Scarlet Letter he plants his trade mark of sin, redemption, and guilt into history’s abiding collection of remarkable writings. Throughout this piece, it is easy to notice the hardship Hester must endure every day while living with the reputation of committingRead MoreScarlet Letter : The Rejection Of Puritan Values1466 Words   |  6 PagesBenjamin Stoops Mr. Goldhammer Honors American Studies 2 November 2015 Scarlet Salvation: The Rejection of Puritan Values in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter, each of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s characters undergo internal challenges. When Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter concludes, many characters’ personal struggles have ended, either in their favor or resulting in their downfall. Hawthorne most notably fixates upon Pearl, Hester, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth and the challenges theyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1501 Words   |  7 Pagesby an artist whom has read the book to bring the book’s meanings and themes into one picture. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s book, The Scarlet Letter, has acquired many different renditions of the cover over the years from different artists. In his story, a young Puritan, Hester Prynne, is sentenced to a punishment of the scarlet letter after she has committed adultery with an unnamed man. Hawthorne’s narrative is filled with in depth characters, symbolism, and themes of revenge, sin, forgiveness and secrecyRead MoreNatha niel Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesPearls of Wisdom Create a list of typical kid nicknames: It’s safe to say your list probably consists of names like â€Å"sugar†, â€Å"cupcake-face†, and â€Å"sweetheart.† The assumption can also be made, therefore, that you don’t encounter â€Å"witch-baby†, â€Å"elf-child†, and â€Å"demon† as sobriquets for most seven-year-old children. Puritans, as it turns out, are skilled in the nomenclature of rejection, up to and including the child of an adulteress. Pearl Prynne, named for her worth to a mother who sacrificed everythingRead MoreThe Great Author Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesa visual picture. His mind often turned to matters associated with human judgments on mortality, with guilt and its consequences (Turner). In the novel Hawthorne’s short stories he has a series of stories that have to do with things like suffering, honor, and religion. One good novel that deals with all of these things as well is Th e Scarlet Letter including loneliness, revenge, shame, and betrayal. Hawthorne is also known to strongly show Puritan beliefs. Hawthorne would search out moral implicationsRead MoreA Cultural Critical Reading Of The Scarlet Letter Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThrough a Cultural Critical reading of the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is evident that it is not only great piece of American literature, but also an analysis of Hawthorne’s 18th century knowledge about the culture and society of Puritans. The Scarlet Letter is not really an accurate representation of Puritan culture; however, it does represent how Puritan culture was seen in the 18th century, and to the people in Hawthorne’s period, they were harsh towards women, children, and cruellyRead MoreEssay about Sin, Alienation, and Love in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter944 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter: The Themes of Sin, Alienation, and Love nbsp; The Puritans, a religious group in New England in the early 1600’s, interpreted the Bible form a fundamentalist perspective and strove to attain a sinless society.nbsp; Of course, people are human and sins are inevitable so the Puritans sinned and their perfect society was never achieved.nbsp;nbsp; Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter develops the themes of sin, alienation, and love to provide valuable insights intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlet Letter 1516 Words   |  7 Pagesare used in symbols. These three types can be found in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. The three types of symbols that Fromm mentions in his article are conventional, accidental, and universal symbols. Conventional symbols are symbols that â€Å"we employ it in everyday language† (121) and they can have â€Å"an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes† (122). The scarlet letter is a conventional symbol since it is a letter. Accidental symbols, in the words of Erich Fromm, are relationshipsRead MoreThe Symbol Of Pearl In The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1414 Words   |  6 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter exhibits 17th century Boston, Massachusetts and the puritans’ lifestyle through the story of Hester Prynne and her sin. Society casts Hester out for her sin of adultery by making her wear a scarlet ‘A’ on her bosom. Hester commits adultery with another man, and later gives birth to a baby girl, Pearl. Although Pearl at first seems to be just the child of Hester and is a supporting character, she later becomes a significant part of the novel and is a prominentRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 866 Words   |  4 PagesTruths Hawthorne’s wilderness is exactly what its name implies: wild. It does not hold the same rules or laws that Puritan civilization does. Instead it presents a myriad of situations and emotions, which make it one of the most important symbols in The Scarlet Letter. However, there is a twist. It doesn’t just symbolize one thing, but two that are distinctly contrary to one another. The forest can be a place of true nature where a person is shown as who they are supposed to be, not who other people

To What Extent Was There a ‘Post War Consensus’ in British...

To what extent was there a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964? (900 Words) Whether or not there truly was a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964 is a highly debatable topic of which historians can often appear to be in two minds about; on one hand, Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson infamously described the period as ‘Thirteen years wasted’, whereas historian Robert Blake (a supporter of the Conservatives’, regards it as a ‘Golden age of growth’. The likes of Kevin Jeffrey’s even argue that consensus had even started before the war. Overall, the central issue was the idea of a mixed economy. If we were to argue that there was indeed a post war consensus in British politics from 1951 to†¦show more content†¦This would mean that wartime coalition ministers from all major parties were far more willing to cooperate with each other. Paul Addison (1975) argued that pre-war and wartime conditions led to a unique situation in post war Britain which led to a coming together of thinking in politics and society. This was strongly influenced by the Beveridge Report’s ‘Five Giants’. As mentioned before, this cooperation was also aided by the fact that fears of an extreme Labour government in 1945 had been disproved, meaning that key policy makers in the Conservative Government could be seen to be ‘One Nation Tories’; keen to build on national cooperation to maintain and essential post war consensus. Another fundamental aspect of post war consensus was the idea of the necessity of a ‘Big Government’; many Conservatives were now co nvinced of the government intervention in social and economic policies, resulting in them being far more in tune with public opinion and so accepted Labours welfare policies such as Keynesian economics. With regard to Winston Churchill, his government were seen to indeed follow Keynesian economics, butShow MoreRelated‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view.2212 Words   |  9 Pages ‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view. (June 2011) Labour disunity was a huge contributing factor as to why the conservatives were able to dominate from 1951 to 1964. However, there are also other factors that assisted conservative dominance. Whether that be conservative strengths, good timing, the end of austerity or their handle on public opinion, all factors contributed to the dominant years. However, how longRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Change Resistance Within the Nhs5138 Words   |  21 Pages‘Reaganism’ seeking to reform the post-War consensus. The dramatic changes in America and the United Kingdom were not restricted to those economies however. The European Union (Salmon et al, 1997) progressively looked to integrate politically and economically placing more emphasis on ‘free trade’ and market based solutions. The power of the Soviet Union was beginning to diminish, with the collapse of the Berlin Wall and in China (Ruan et al, 1995) Deng Xiaoping was moving the communist party of ChinaRead More One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. 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Operation Management Restocking of Shelves

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management for Restocking of Shelves. Answer: Introduction: The first change that Wall-mart can bring is to improve the look of their store is to lower their shelf size in the entrance and reduce tidiness in the store by cutting down on the number of products. Customer complaint that the restocking of shelves is not fast enough and it lacks cleanliness and tidiness. As a result, the store design and the layout have to compromise with the customer convenience. Additionally, the customer also feels that the in-house layout is not well-maintained and representative enough to attract the customer. Taken for instance, in apparel section, there is no fashion message and it is not well assorted by style, size, or color due to less space. Thus, stocking of huge products in the inventory and use fewer racks in the physical stores will be an improvement in the appearance of the warehouse. All the stock items can be displayed digitally and on being requested it can be brought to the customer from the inventory. It is evident that from the first change, it will wipe out significant revenue and thus it is important to increase the product n a different way so that more products can be served to the customer. Thus, formulating more inventory space for storing all kind of the goods will be a move for improvement. Moreover, many experts argued that Wal-Mart need to improve traffic-driving side businesses for care clinic, financial services and gas facilities by designing their layout and address their concern towards the traffic pattern and site plans. The primary reason these experts provides is that recently opened stores are not quite as good as prior ones." Taken for instance, in the US, the new Wal-Mart-store in Creekside Park faces difficulty with their auto center that faces the Timber Creek Elementary School. So, a step for improvement is the collaboration with the coalitions and Creekside Park residents. Justification for improvement in layout The justification regarding with the first change is that Wal-Mart sells different sizes of the same brand and they can limit the size of the same products to two to three. This will reduce the tidiness and enhances the cleanliness of the store. In addition to that, by lowering the size of the shelves at the entrance or checkout points will be beneficial as it can provide shoppers to see the whole store when they come for shopping and can navigate their destination easily. In addition to that, the implementation of digital shopping option in the physical store of Wal-Mart will allow the users to room to play and can navigate easily to their destination on the digital menu boards (See Appendix, Figure 1). These menus can also perform as an entertainment source like watching TV and see how their cars are being served outside. The justification regarding the second improvement is that effective collaboration ensures the support of the alliance and other construction in the neighborhood and affects fewer natural resource. The collaboration of the unified community finds solutions that mitigate risks caused by the construction of the new inventory of the physical store. Reference List Ahire, Sanjay L., Manoj K. Malhotra, and John B. Jensen. "Carton-Mix Optimization for Walmart. com Distribution Centers."Interfaces45.4 (2015): 341-357. Karrholm, Mattias.Retailising space: architecture, retail and the territorialisation of public space. Routledge, 2016. Peters, Anicia Nicola. "Influence of video food ads in digital menu boards and healthy eating decisions." (2014). Roberts, Bryan, and Natalie Berg.Walmart: Key Insights and Practical Lessons from the World's Largest Retailer. Kogan Page Publishers, 2012.

HR Management in Multinational Companies-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Identifythreekey trends and challenges for International HRM. Analyse how thesethreetrends and challenges impact upon, and affect the HRM practices for an MNC. Answer: Human Resource Management in Multinational Companies Globalization and increased change in technology within the business environment has brought forth the alteration in the role of human resource management (Kaur, 2014). Businesses have grown from being managed within a central environment or country to global management. This is because of the establishment of many multinational corporations (MNC), in different countries from the motherland. Initially, human resource management had a responsibility of bringing people and the organization together so that each goal is achieved (Kaur, 2014). This implies that both the goals of the company and those of the employee have to be met. With the increased change in the market environment where there are high levels of competition both globally and locally, the role of human resource management has to alter in order to fit the changed business scope. Human resource management has to evolve and become strategic partners, employees advocates and a change mentor within an organization (Bratton G old, 2012). The human resource professions must be business driven and be able to carry the goals and burdens of the organization. Trends and challenges facing human resource management are the other cause of the transformation in their roles (Bratton Gold, 2012). With increasing the change in the trends and especially with the international human resource management, human resource professional needs to adjust and work effectively to deliver the set goals. The demand of business in the present world is evolving with different trends and challenges coming forth, hence human resource professionals need to change and adjust to this changes as to have high performance within the organizations (Bratton Gold, 2012). They should target to enhance talent development within the workers. The human resource professional has to be coaches, mentors, councilors, succession planners to help motivate organization members and their loyalty (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). In this paper, we are going to discuss on the various trends and challenges that affect the international human resource management in Multinational Corporations and the impact these trends and challenges have to the human resource professional practices. There are various trends and challenges that an international human resource management professional undergo, they include a drastic change in technology, education, mobility where the workers have to relocate and adjust to the new environment, workplace diversity, talent management and the inability to retain employees (Chan, 2017). This paper gives a detailed discussion of the three major challenges that international human resource managers will have especially in the multinational cooperation companies. The three main challenges are workplace or workforce diversity, talent management and employee retention. Workplace Diversity The diversity of workplace has become a common trend and challenge to human resource management, especially the international human resource management. Diversity can be defined in reference to the fact that it acknowledges the reality in which people differ on different characteristics, visible or invisible (Chan, 2017). The different characteristics that are used in defining workforce diversity are the age, gender, marital status, disability, social status, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity and culture (Chan, 2017). All these characteristics define the diversity in the workforce; the human resource has to manage these diversities for efficient productivity. Failure for any human resource to manage diversity may be the root cause for the failure of the company. Diversity at workplace involves the incorporation or the coexistence of people of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds to a company (Barak, 2016). The different cultural characters include but not limited to age, gender, colour, physical disability and many others (Barak, 2016). With the increasing growth in business from being domestic, to multi-domestic, and finally to multinationals, diversity at workplace becomes crucial and important to facilitate achieving the companies goals. Human resource management has the responsibility of ensuring that this diverse workforce within the company gets an equal potential of exercising their abilities. Workplace diversity has been a great challenge to most of the human resource managers especially the international human resource managers as they are not able to understand the cross-cultural differences that exist between the home country and the host country (Barak, 2016). Workplace diversity challenges refer to the fact that the future success of the organization depends on how well the human resource will manage the diversity (Canas Sondak, 2013). When diversity is well managed by turning it into a strategic organizational asset, the success of the company will be sure. This refers to the ability of the human resource to welcome the diverse talents, innovative ideas and perspectives into the work (Canas Sondak, 2013). With this, it will be easy for the organization to meet the market expectations and respond to the business opportunities in a more creative manner. Management of diversity will assist the company not lose the talents to their competitors. In the management of the multinational corporations, embracing the cultural diversity is very much important as it will help in the development of the company and its future goals (Knippenberg, Ginkel Homan, 2013). Since workplace diversity as already indicated, is very important in the success of the organization, every human resource professional has to develop strategies of help in the management of these diversities. There are various strategies that can be employed to facilitate management of workplace diversity. Human resource should employ the strategy of diversity training (Knippenberg, Ginkel Homan, 2013).This entails training each profession on the importance of diversity and how diversity can be used to facilitate the success of the company. This will help to shape the diversity policies in the organization. Human resource should also embrace diversity in the leadership positions which will help to create visibility in the workplace (Chrobot-Mason, Ruderman Nishii, 2013). Openness within the company will be of great importance as far as the management of diversity is concerned. Every employee should be given equal opportunities to express their views and concerns about the companys goals (Chrobot-Mason, Ruderman Nishii, 2013).Human resource personnel should take diversity as the main challenge and work towards managing the diversity. Talent Management Talent management is of great importance to the multinational cooperation than domestic businesses. This is because of the increased diversity of the workforce. Just like any other business strategies, talent management strategy is very instrumental in the recruitment, training, retaining and attraction of highly skilled workers to the company (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). Talent management started in the 1990s and has since then be embraced by different companies to ensure success in their business (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). The development of talent management was very important especially in maintaining workers, who are the most important organizations assets. Companies that implement talent management develop various strategies that help them in the realization of the worker's skills, ability, and talents. These strategies include but not limited to managing and defining competitive salaries, training and development opportunities, attracting and recruiting of qu alified candidates and performance management processes retention programmes. Talent management which is also referred to as human capital management is the process of recruiting, managing, assessing, developing, and maintaining workers within an organization (Stahl et al., 2013). It is very instrumental as it helps the company be able to recruit competent personnel. It makes companies be strategic and deliberate on how they source, attract, select, develop, retain and promote employees. The competency of a worker is settled at by use of organizational core competencies. With the help of talent management, the company is also able to conduct performance management where the performance of an individual worker can be monitored (Stahl, 2012).Many human resource personnel is facing the challenge of embracing talent management in fear of getting new workers with inadequate skills, inability to retain key talents and the fear that attracting new talent will be a threat to competitiveness. This makes most them shy away from talent management. The critical factor about talent management is the effect that it has to the company when it is not properly implemented. There are various critical aspects that arise due to poor talent management from the human resource manager. These aspects include failure of a business, increased the cost of hiring and replacing an employee once found incompetent, cost of failing to attract and retain employees and the general cost encountered by the organizationwhen there is a vacant position (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). This is very critical aspects of talent management and has to be addressed by proper recruitment of employees (talent management). Retention of Employees Retention of employees is another great challenge that international human resource managers face. It is the ability of an organization to retain its employees. This is a difficult task that most of the organizations have failed to accomplish. Research done on the satisfactory level of employees in an organizationindicates that majority of the employees plan to look for a new job within the six months of employment, others are passionately already looking for the job (James Mathews, 2012). This possesses a great challenge to the management. In multinational cooperation, there is an increase in workforce diversity, making the expectations and the motivations of the employees to evolve too. It is the responsibility of the human resource managers to identify and understand his motivations and expectations of the workers so as to what is most valued by the workers. Understanding employees expectations and motivations will be important as far as the retention of the employee is concerned . The challenges faced by organizations due to inability to retain employees are very detrimental. The main challenge resulting from the failure of the organization to retain employees is the creation of leadership vacuum (James Mathews, 2012). High employee turnover rates prevent the organization from training the most achievers to assume the mentoring positions. The best performers are lost to the competitors together with their skills and abilities, leaving a great loss to the company. There are different ways in which the human resource will ensure retaining the employees. Among these,we have: motivating employees, increase in employees benefits, incentives and branding of employees (Bryant Allen, 2013). Branding of employees involves combining of both employees in the organization and those sourced outside the organization. Impact of the Trend and Challenges to the Human Resource Practices for MNC With the increased change in business environments, where business has gone global, trends and challenges affecting human resource management are also increasing. These trends and challenges are able to affect the entire human resource management practices. Multinational corporations have different human resource practices which include selection and recruitments of staff, compensation and reward systems, performance appraisals, training and development and repatriation needs (Ferner, Edwards Tempel, 2012). This section analyses how trend and challenges mentioned earlier impacts these practices. Selection and recruitment of employees Selection and recruitment of employee is an important aspect of human resource management. It is critical in that when a right person is selected for the position his performance will boost companys general performance (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). Recruitment of the right person for the position also prevents the extra expenses encored due to frequent training to the employee. MNC should advertise their recruitment openly and allow workforce diversity by taking in employees with different cultural diversities (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). It is a critical practice that should be done carefully to avoid great losses to the organization. Workplace diversity is seen to impact the practice of selection and recruitment of the employees. People of different cultures have to be employed in order to facilitate the blending of ideas in the organization (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). Initially, human resource had to employ internally where there were minimal chances of an external employee to be absorbed. The benefits of workplace diversity have made it possible for the blending of employees. Talent management has also impacted in the selection and recruitment in that those candidates with the qualified skills and who are able to meet the required goals are selected. Talent management offers different qualities required for recruiting a worker (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013) Compensation and Reward Systems Human resource management has a responsibility of compensating every worker and rewarding them too for work well done. The top achievers should be rewarded and given incentives to boost their morale (Gupta Shaw, 2014).Workplace diversity and talent management have a moderate effect on the compensation and rewarding policy of the company. Depending on the worker's talents and skills together with the originality and culture of the workers, the compensation policy will be affected. Every country has its own compensation culture, this allows the resource manager to work within the culture available in the host country. Employees with high marketable talents will reflect high compensation from the organization as compared to those with less productive talents. Organisations should also reward their employees and review their compensation more often just to help in retaining the employees in the organization (Gupta Shaw, 2014). Training and Development Every organization has a responsibility of training and developing employees. This is very important in ensuring the company fits in the competitive market. When employees are trained, their skills are improved and thus increasing their productivity levels (Tahir et al., 2014). Companies that invest in training workers will have an advantage as the workers will be updated on the current skills required. Workplace diversity, talent management and retention of employees as trends have impacted on this practice. With employees from diverse groups, the human resource has to offer training in order to ensure the culture and purpose of the organizationare well understood (Tahir et al., 2014).Training and development have also been used as a way of retaining employees within the organization since it makes employees loyal and committed to the organization. The inability of most companies to retain employees has made it possible for the establishment of training and development sessions for the employees. Job Security This is the best motivation that any employee deserves. In todays world, most of the employees are fired and hired at the companys own interest. This makes it difficult for the employees to have job satisfaction. When job security is assured to the employees, there is an increased performance as employees will be motivated (Kooij et al., 2013).Workplace diversity impacts a lot in this practice as it makes human resource managers able to provide job security before winning a great talent into the organization. There will be no or little workplace diversity when there is job insecurity in the organization (Kooij et al., 2013). Talent management and employee retention have also affected this practice. The entire process of talent management involves job security, this is because workers look for a better place where they can be satisfied and when there is job insecurity in a company, it becomes difficult to win skilled workers (Kooij et al., 2013). Human resource should ensure there is job security before hiring and training as this is what will attract talents. Retention of the employee as a challenge has made most of the organization to offer job security, this helps to retain workers who have a potential of being mentors and the top achievers (Kooij et al., 2013). Conclusion Change in business environments has made it possible for the establishment of multinational corporations. Human resource managers of multinational corporations have a greater responsibility which is not limited to administrative purposes of reviewing compensations and rewards. There has been a great change in the role of the human resource especially the international human resource. The change in the role of human resource management has been attributed to trends and challenges associated with the management. These trends and challenges include workplace diversity, retention of employees and talent management. The changing of the roles is made possible in order to accommodate the trends and challenges. Apart from these trends and challenges affecting human resource management roles it also affects their practices. The practices of the human resource have to be adjusted in order to eliminate any negative outcome that can come forth as a result of the trends and challenges. References Barak, M. E. M. (2016). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Bryant, P. C., Allen, D. G. (2013). Compensation, benefits and employee turnover: HR strategies for retaining top talent. Compensation Benefits Review, 45(3), 171-175. Canas, K., Sondak, H. (2013). Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Chan, A. (2017). The challenges of human resource management. Retrieved from https://work911.com/planningmaster/planningarticles/challengesofhrmgmt.htm. Accessed 5/09/17. Chrobot-Mason, D., Ruderman, M. N., Nishii, L. H. (2013). Leadership in a diverse workplace. In The Oxford handbook of diversity and work. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 1-4. James, L., Mathew, L. (2012). Employee retention strategies: IT industry. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 9(3), 79. Kaur, S. (2014). Key challenges and trends faced by human resource managers. International Journal of Management, 5(2), 36-41. Kooij, D. T., Guest, D. E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P. G., Dikkers, J. S. (2013). How the impact of HR practices on employee well?being and performance changes with age. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), 18-35. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016). Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Stahl, G., Bjrkman, I., Farndale, E., Morris, S. S., Paauwe, J., Stiles, P., ... Wright, P. (2012). Six principles of effective global talent management. Sloan Management Review, 53(2), 25-42. Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., Hashim, M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86. Thite, M., Budhwar, P., Wilkinson, A. (2014). Global HR roles and factors influencing their development: Evidence from emerging Indian IT services multinationals. Human Resource Management, 53(6), 921-946 Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making. Management Decision, 50(5), 925-941. Van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., Homan, A. C. (2013). Diversity mindsets and the performance of diverse teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(2), 183-193.

The Structure of Noun Phrases Essay Example

The Structure of Noun Phrases Essay Univerzitet Novi Pazar Odeljenje: Beograd Fakultet humanistickih nauka Odsek: filoloski Smer: Engleski jezik i knjizevnost Predmet: Sintaksa Engleskog jezika Student: Nikola Vukasovic Beograd, 01. 06. 2011 1. Introduction Among the five different types of phrases in English namely noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases and prepositional phrases, noun phrases are the most common playing various syntactic functions in the sentence and clause structure: subject, object and complement (of various kinds), apposition and attribute. They are used to refer to things that people want to talk about: people, objects, concepts, processes and all kind of entities. 2. Basic Noun Phrases Structurally speaking, in the first place, basic noun phrases consist of pronouns, numerals or nouns with articles (indefinite, definite or zero) or nouns with other closed-system items that occur before the noun head including pre-determiners (pre-det), determiners (det. ) and post-determiners (post-det. ). The underlined parts of the following sentences are good examples of basic noun phrases: |   |I |stayed at |home |during |all |the |last few |days |   | |   |pronoun |   |zero article + noun|   |pre-de |+ det |+ post-det |+ noun |   | |   |Some people |dislike |‘13’ |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |det. + noun |   |numeral | | | | | | | 2. Pronouns and Numerals Actually, pronouns are a special class of noun. As their names imply, they ‘replace’ nouns or rather whole noun phrases, since they cannot generally occur with determiners. For example, personal pronouns have two sets of case forms: subjective and objective: ‘I’/ ‘me’, ‘we’/ ‘us’, ‘he’/ ‘him’, ‘she’/ ‘her’, ‘they’/ ‘them’; ‘you’ and ‘it’ are exceptional in showing no distinction. Subjective personal pronouns function as subject and sometimes as subject complement while objective personal pronouns as object, prepositional complement and sometimes as subject complement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These can be illustrated by: He is happy. I   saw him at the station. Like personal pronouns, other types of pronouns including reflexive, possessive, relative, demonstrative, interrogative, universal, assertive, non-assertive and negative pronouns are all basic noun phrases. Reflexive pronouns include ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ‘himself’, ‘herself’, ‘itself’, ‘ourselves’, ‘yourselves’ and ‘themselves’. He hurt himself yesterday. Possessive pronouns are ‘mine’, ‘ours’, ‘yours’, etc. This book is mine Relative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘that’, ‘which’, etc. The book, which is on the table, is mine. Demonstrative pronouns fall in two groups. One is â€Å"near† reference with ‘this’ and ‘these’; and the other â€Å"distant† reference with ‘that’ and ‘those’. This is my friend. Interrogative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘what’, etc. Who did you go with? Universal pronouns: ‘each’, ‘all’, and ‘every’ series: ‘everyone’, ‘everything’, etc. Everyone has his own ambitions. Partitive pronouns, parallel to the universal ones, consist of assertive pronouns including the ‘some’ group (‘some’, ‘someone’, ‘something’, etc. ; non-assertive with the ‘any’ series (‘any’, ‘anyone’, ‘anything’, etc. ); and negative with the ‘no’ series (‘none’, ‘no-oneâ€⠄¢, ‘nothing’, etc. ) Nobody has come yet. Apart from pronouns, numerals including cardinal numbers (‘one’, ‘two’, etc. ) and ordinal numbers (‘first’, ‘second’, etc. ) can form basic noun phrases, as in: Two is better than one. 2. 2 Basic Noun Phrases with Determiners Not only can basic noun phrases consist of pronouns or numerals, but they can also comprise a head noun with determiners or determiners modified by pre-determiners and/or post-determiners. The head noun of a noun phrase is the central element and decisive factor in performing the syntactic functions of the whole noun phrase. It can be singular count noun such as ‘book’, plural noun ‘books’ or mass noun like ‘ink’. Determiners can be indefinite article ‘a’ and ‘an’; definite article ‘the’; or zero article as in the noun phrase ‘books’. The use of articles is not the only possibility for determining nouns, but we can use such words as ‘no’, ‘what’, ‘this’, ‘some’, ‘every’, ‘each’ and ‘either’ before the head noun like ‘book’. These words, also called determiners, forming a set of closed-system, are mutually exclusive with each other, i. e. there cannot be more than one occurring before the head. Both ‘a the book’ and ‘a some book’ are ungrammatical. Determiners are in a â€Å"choice relation†, that is they occur one instead of another. In this respect, they are unlike ‘all’, ‘many’, ‘nice’, which are in a â€Å"chain relation†, occurring one after another as in: All the many nice pictures are collected. The articles are central to the class of determiners in that they have no function independent of the noun they precede. Other determiners like ‘some’ are also independent pronouns: A: I want the money. B: Here is the. (ungrammatical) B: Here is some. (grammatical) With regard to the co-occurrence of determiners with the noun classes singular count (‘book’), plural count (‘books’), and mass noun (‘ink’), there are six classes of determiners: (1) |The Possessive (‘my’, ‘your’, his’, etc. ) |+ |book | |Genitive (‘my father’s’, ‘Anne’s’, etc. | |books | |No | |ink | |Whose | | | |Which (ever) | | | |What (ever) | | | |Some (stressed) | | | |Any (stressed) | | | (2) Zero article |+ |books | |Some (unstressed) | |ink | |Any (unstressed) | | | |enough | | | (3) |This |+ |book | |that | |ink | (4) |These |+ |books | |Those | | | (5) A (n) |+ |book | |every | | | |each | | | |either | | | |neither | | | (6) |much |+ |ink | In addition to the determiners mentioned before, there are a large number of other closed-system items that occur before the head of noun phrases. These items, referred to as closed-system pre-modified, form three classes (pre-determiners, ordinals and quantifiers) which have been set up on the basis of the positions that they can have in relation to determiners and to each other. The first class of the closed-system pre-modifiers, pre-determiners, is unique in occurring before the determiners. They are: (1) ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’; (2) the multipliers ‘double’, ‘twice’, ‘three times’, etc. and fractions ‘one-third’, ‘two-fifths’, etc. and (3) ‘such’ and ‘what’ (exclamative). Like determiners, pre-determiners are mutually exclusive. Therefore, ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ have restriction on their co-occurrence with determiners and head nouns. The illustrations are as follows: †¢ All |All |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |singular count noun | |All |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | | | |Zero article | | | |All |+ |The, my, etc. + |mass noun | | | |This, that | | | | | |Zero article | | | All my life All the books All this paper †¢ Both |Both |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | | | |Zero article   | | | Both these books †¢ Half Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |singular count noun | | | |A, this, that | | | |Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | |Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |mass noun | | | |This, that | | | Half an hour These pre-determiners can occur only before articles or demonstratives, but none of them can occur with such quantitative determiners as ‘every’, ‘either’, ‘each’, ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’ and ‘enough’. However, ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ have ‘of’-construction which are optional with nouns and obligatory with personal pronouns: All (of) the students   = All of them All (of) my time   = All of it With a quantifier following, the ‘of’-construction is preferred All of the ten students All of the many girls ‘All’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ can be basic noun phrases: All/Both/ Half were allowed to go out. Apart from ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’, the multipliers such as ‘double’, ‘twice’, ‘three times’, etc. can occur before determiner s to denote a number, an amount, etc. : Double their papers Twice his strength Three times this amount ‘Once’, ‘twice’, etc. an occur with determiners ‘a’, ‘every’, ‘each’, and ‘per’ (less commonly) to form â€Å"distributive† expressions with a temporal noun as head: |Once |a |  day | |Twice |every | | |Three times |each | | | |per | | Preceding the determiners can also be the fractions ‘one-third’, ‘two-fourths’, etc. which can have the alternative ‘of’-construction, e. g. : One-third the time One-third of the time ‘Such’ and exclamation ‘what’ can occur only with indefinite articles and zero one, e. g. : What/Such a nuisance. What/Such fine singing. The second class of closed-system pre-modifiers is ordinals which include the ordinal numbers (‘first’, ‘second’, etc. ) as well as ‘(an) other’, ‘next’, and ‘last’. These words are post-determiners, that is they must follow determiners in the noun phrase structure, but they precede quantifiers and adjectives as modifier.    |The |first |(cold) |months |   | |   |determiner |post-determiner (ordinal) |modifier |noun |   | Cardinal numbers and quantifiers belong to the third class of closed-system pre-modifiers. They are mutually exclusive, following determiners but preceding adjectives as modifier. Cardinal numbers are ‘one’ (with singular count nouns) and ‘two’, ‘three’, etc. (with plural nouns), e. g. : One good reason All (of) the three brothers Closed-system quantifiers are ‘many’ (with the comparatives ‘more’ and ‘most’), ‘few’ (‘fewer’, ‘fewest’),   ‘little’ (‘less’, ‘least’) and ‘several’ as in: Several interesting b ooks All her many good ideas A basic noun phrase may contain various determiners, more concretely, pre-determiners, determiners and post-determiners which are in a fixed order: |pre-determiners |determiners |post-determiner |Head noun | |   |   |ordinal |cardinal/quantifier |   | |Half |my |first |   |salary | |All |the | |   |books | |All |her | |many |questions | 3 Complex Noun Phrases Complex noun phrases contain three components: pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. 3. 1 Head Noun Like in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all, is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase. It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and (for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase. This is exemplified in: The only girl in this class is hardworking. All of the beautiful girls in my class are kind. Also, when the genitive is as pre-modification, the head nouns can be omitted: We met at the dentist’s last week. 3. 2 Pre-modification The second component of a complex noun phrase is pre-modification, also called pre-modifiers, including modifiers that stand before the head noun. Pre-modifiers can be closed-system and/or open-class items. Closed-system pre-modifiers are discussed in the structure of the basic noun phrases above. These items are optional in the complex noun phrases. Meanwhile, open-class pre-modifiers come after the closed-system ones and precede the head noun as in: |   |All these |young beautiful |girls |   | |   |determiner |adjective as pre-modifier |head |   | Pre-modifying adjectives can be those denoting general description (‘beautiful’, intelligent’, ‘good’, etc. ; age (‘young’, ‘old’, etc. ); size (‘big’, ‘small’, etc. ); shape (‘square’, ‘round’, etc. ); colour (‘red’, ‘blue’, etc. ); material (‘silk’, ‘metal’, etc. ); resemblance to a material (‘silken’ in silken hair, ‘cat-like’, etc. ); and provenance or style (‘British’, â €˜Parisian’, etc. ). These adjectives can be both attribute and complement. In addition, pre-modifying adjectives can be intensifying ones which have a heightening effect on the noun they modify or the reverse, a lowering effect, e. g. : ‘real’ (a real hero), ‘definite’ (a definite loss), ‘complete’ (a complete fool) and ‘close’ (a close friend). These adjectives are generally attributive only. Restrictive adjectives, another class of pre-modifying adjectives, restrict the reference of the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly, e. g. : ‘certain’ (a certain person), ‘exact’ (the exact answer), ‘only’ (the only occasion) and ‘very’ (the very man). Like intensifying adjectives, the restrictive ones are attributive only. However, there are a number of adjectives which cannot pre-modify the head, but can be predicative such as: ‘faint’, ‘ill’, ‘well’, ‘able’, ‘afraid’, etc. Not only are the head nouns pre-modified but pre-modifying adjectives can also be, especially when they are the first items after the determiner. In this case, it can be pre-modified in the same way as it can be in the predicative position. This is illustrated by: |   |His really quite unbelievably happy |family |   | |   |   |Head |   | With indefinite determiners, some intensifiers such as ‘so’ are differently used. ‘So’ is replaced by ‘such’, which precedes the determiner or else ‘so’ plus adjective would be placed before the determiner, e. g. : Such a beautiful girl So beautiful a girl Apart from pre-modifying adjectives, the head nouns of the complex noun phrases can be pre-modified by particles, either present or past, e. g. : an approaching man (present participle), the badly injured dog (past participle), etc. The head noun can also be pre-modified by genitives, e. g. these qualified doctors’ salaries,these doctors’ high salaries, etc. group genitives as in the teacher of English’s salary, an hour and a half’s discussion, etc. ; or other nouns as in the city council, a love story, etc. Another class of pre-modifiers is the type of denomical adjective often meaning â€Å"consisting of†, â€Å"involving†, or â€Å"relating to†. These items must come next before the head and can be preceded by a wide range of pre-modifying items, e. g. :   the pleasant social life, a city political problem, etc. Finally there are various classes of pre-modification, both closed-system and open-class. Therefore, when the complex noun phrases consist of different classes of pre-modifiers, they may be placed in a relevant order. The acceptable order of pre-modifiers in a complex noun phrase is as follows: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |(1) |a |book |with yellow covers (prepositional phrase) |   | |(2) |the |man |who told you the secret (finite clause) |   | |(3) |the |girl |speaking English fluently (nonfinite clause) |   | |(4) |a |shelf |full of books (adjective phrase) |   | |(5) |the |opera |Carmen (noun phrase) |   | |(6) |the |road |back (adverbial phrase) |   | In the example (1) ‘with yellow covers’ is a prepositional phrase post-modifying the head ‘book’. Apart from ‘with’, there is a wide range of prepositions that can be used, e. g. :   the road to London, the house beyond the church, a child of   five, etc. , including the complex prepositions, e. g. house on the top of the hill, action in case of emergency, etc. and those having participle forms as in problems concerning the environment. The commonest preposition in the noun phrase post-modification â₠¬Ëœof’ has a close correspondence to ‘have’ sentences: The ship has a funnel. the funnel of the ship The table has four legs. the four legs of the table However, some are relatable to ‘be’ sentences: London is a city. the city of London The news was the team’s victory the news of the team’s victory Also, the ‘of’ phrase can be used to express the subject or object relation: The bus arrived the arrival of the bus Someone imprisoned the murderer the imprisonment of the murderer In the example (2), the post-modifier is a relative or finite clause which can be restrictive or non-restrictive. There are a number of relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, ‘that’ (personal); ‘which’, ‘that’, ‘what’ (non-personal); ‘when’, a preposition plus ‘which’ (time); ‘where’, a preposition plus ‘which’ (place); and ‘why’, ‘for which’ (reason). While restrictive relative clauses help to define the head noun, the non-restrictive ones give additional information to it, as exemplified in: |   |The woman |who is standing outside |is my neighbour.    | |   |   |restrictive |   |   | |   |That is my neighbour, |who is standing outside. |   |   | |   |   |Non-restrictive |   |   | The exampl e (3) illustrates the post-modifier as a non-finite clause, present participle clause. The non-finite can be past participle clauses. |   |The only car |serviced in the garage |is mine. |   | |   |   |past participle clause |   |   | In addition, post-modifiers can be to-infinitive clauses: |   |The next flight |to arrive |was from London. |   | |   |The place |to stay for summer holidays |should be pleasant. |   | As is seen in the example (4), adjective phrases can be post-modifiers of the head noun in the complex noun phrases. The adjective phrases can usually be regarded as a reduced relative clause. Complex indefinite pronouns ending in –body, -one, -thing, and –where can be modified only post-positively, e. g. : Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it. The men (who were) present were his supporters. In the example (5), the phrase explicitly encodes the information that â€Å"Carmen is an opera†. For this reason, ‘ Carmen’ is traditionally said to be in apposition to ‘the opera’. Another minor type of post-modification illustrated in the example (6) is adverbial modification. Similarly, in the following examples, the adverbial phrases post-modify the head noun: the way ahead, the direction back, the hall downstairs, etc. Unlike pre-modifiers, their no grammatical limit to the number of post-modifiers occurring in a noun phrase, considerations of style and comprehensibility will normally keep them to one or two. Where we have more than one, the relative order tends to depend on the related properties of length and class, with shorter modifiers preceding longer ones, prepositional phrases preceding clauses: |   |A man |from Britain |who I was talking about last night |   | |   |   |prepositional phrase |relative clause | | 4 Conclusion In conclusion, noun phrases, either basic or complex are potentially very complicated. Most simply, basic noun phrases consist of just one overt element, pronouns of different types or numerals. Basic noun phrases, more complicatedly, comprise pre-determiners, determiners, post-determiners and the head nouns, the order of which is fixed. Complex noun phrases, as their names imply, are the most difficult of all. They consist of pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. Pre-modification includes closed-system and open-class items which are in the given order. Post-modification can be finite or non-finite clauses and adjective, noun, prepositional and adverbial phrases. SOURCES Aarts, B. ( 2001 ) English Syntax and Argumentation Brown, E. K. and J. E. Miller ( 1991 ) Syntax : A linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure examples and tables internet