To What Extent Was There a ‘Post War Consensus’ in British...

To what extent was there a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964? (900 Words) Whether or not there truly was a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964 is a highly debatable topic of which historians can often appear to be in two minds about; on one hand, Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson infamously described the period as ‘Thirteen years wasted’, whereas historian Robert Blake (a supporter of the Conservatives’, regards it as a ‘Golden age of growth’. The likes of Kevin Jeffrey’s even argue that consensus had even started before the war. Overall, the central issue was the idea of a mixed economy. If we were to argue that there was indeed a post war consensus in British politics from 1951 to†¦show more content†¦This would mean that wartime coalition ministers from all major parties were far more willing to cooperate with each other. Paul Addison (1975) argued that pre-war and wartime conditions led to a unique situation in post war Britain which led to a coming together of thinking in politics and society. This was strongly influenced by the Beveridge Report’s ‘Five Giants’. As mentioned before, this cooperation was also aided by the fact that fears of an extreme Labour government in 1945 had been disproved, meaning that key policy makers in the Conservative Government could be seen to be ‘One Nation Tories’; keen to build on national cooperation to maintain and essential post war consensus. Another fundamental aspect of post war consensus was the idea of the necessity of a ‘Big Government’; many Conservatives were now co nvinced of the government intervention in social and economic policies, resulting in them being far more in tune with public opinion and so accepted Labours welfare policies such as Keynesian economics. 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Operation Management Restocking of Shelves

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management for Restocking of Shelves. Answer: Introduction: The first change that Wall-mart can bring is to improve the look of their store is to lower their shelf size in the entrance and reduce tidiness in the store by cutting down on the number of products. Customer complaint that the restocking of shelves is not fast enough and it lacks cleanliness and tidiness. As a result, the store design and the layout have to compromise with the customer convenience. Additionally, the customer also feels that the in-house layout is not well-maintained and representative enough to attract the customer. Taken for instance, in apparel section, there is no fashion message and it is not well assorted by style, size, or color due to less space. Thus, stocking of huge products in the inventory and use fewer racks in the physical stores will be an improvement in the appearance of the warehouse. All the stock items can be displayed digitally and on being requested it can be brought to the customer from the inventory. It is evident that from the first change, it will wipe out significant revenue and thus it is important to increase the product n a different way so that more products can be served to the customer. Thus, formulating more inventory space for storing all kind of the goods will be a move for improvement. Moreover, many experts argued that Wal-Mart need to improve traffic-driving side businesses for care clinic, financial services and gas facilities by designing their layout and address their concern towards the traffic pattern and site plans. The primary reason these experts provides is that recently opened stores are not quite as good as prior ones." Taken for instance, in the US, the new Wal-Mart-store in Creekside Park faces difficulty with their auto center that faces the Timber Creek Elementary School. So, a step for improvement is the collaboration with the coalitions and Creekside Park residents. Justification for improvement in layout The justification regarding with the first change is that Wal-Mart sells different sizes of the same brand and they can limit the size of the same products to two to three. This will reduce the tidiness and enhances the cleanliness of the store. In addition to that, by lowering the size of the shelves at the entrance or checkout points will be beneficial as it can provide shoppers to see the whole store when they come for shopping and can navigate their destination easily. In addition to that, the implementation of digital shopping option in the physical store of Wal-Mart will allow the users to room to play and can navigate easily to their destination on the digital menu boards (See Appendix, Figure 1). These menus can also perform as an entertainment source like watching TV and see how their cars are being served outside. The justification regarding the second improvement is that effective collaboration ensures the support of the alliance and other construction in the neighborhood and affects fewer natural resource. The collaboration of the unified community finds solutions that mitigate risks caused by the construction of the new inventory of the physical store. Reference List Ahire, Sanjay L., Manoj K. Malhotra, and John B. Jensen. "Carton-Mix Optimization for Walmart. com Distribution Centers."Interfaces45.4 (2015): 341-357. Karrholm, Mattias.Retailising space: architecture, retail and the territorialisation of public space. Routledge, 2016. Peters, Anicia Nicola. "Influence of video food ads in digital menu boards and healthy eating decisions." (2014). Roberts, Bryan, and Natalie Berg.Walmart: Key Insights and Practical Lessons from the World's Largest Retailer. Kogan Page Publishers, 2012.

HR Management in Multinational Companies-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Identifythreekey trends and challenges for International HRM. Analyse how thesethreetrends and challenges impact upon, and affect the HRM practices for an MNC. Answer: Human Resource Management in Multinational Companies Globalization and increased change in technology within the business environment has brought forth the alteration in the role of human resource management (Kaur, 2014). Businesses have grown from being managed within a central environment or country to global management. This is because of the establishment of many multinational corporations (MNC), in different countries from the motherland. Initially, human resource management had a responsibility of bringing people and the organization together so that each goal is achieved (Kaur, 2014). This implies that both the goals of the company and those of the employee have to be met. With the increased change in the market environment where there are high levels of competition both globally and locally, the role of human resource management has to alter in order to fit the changed business scope. Human resource management has to evolve and become strategic partners, employees advocates and a change mentor within an organization (Bratton G old, 2012). The human resource professions must be business driven and be able to carry the goals and burdens of the organization. Trends and challenges facing human resource management are the other cause of the transformation in their roles (Bratton Gold, 2012). With increasing the change in the trends and especially with the international human resource management, human resource professional needs to adjust and work effectively to deliver the set goals. The demand of business in the present world is evolving with different trends and challenges coming forth, hence human resource professionals need to change and adjust to this changes as to have high performance within the organizations (Bratton Gold, 2012). They should target to enhance talent development within the workers. The human resource professional has to be coaches, mentors, councilors, succession planners to help motivate organization members and their loyalty (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). In this paper, we are going to discuss on the various trends and challenges that affect the international human resource management in Multinational Corporations and the impact these trends and challenges have to the human resource professional practices. There are various trends and challenges that an international human resource management professional undergo, they include a drastic change in technology, education, mobility where the workers have to relocate and adjust to the new environment, workplace diversity, talent management and the inability to retain employees (Chan, 2017). This paper gives a detailed discussion of the three major challenges that international human resource managers will have especially in the multinational cooperation companies. The three main challenges are workplace or workforce diversity, talent management and employee retention. Workplace Diversity The diversity of workplace has become a common trend and challenge to human resource management, especially the international human resource management. Diversity can be defined in reference to the fact that it acknowledges the reality in which people differ on different characteristics, visible or invisible (Chan, 2017). The different characteristics that are used in defining workforce diversity are the age, gender, marital status, disability, social status, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity and culture (Chan, 2017). All these characteristics define the diversity in the workforce; the human resource has to manage these diversities for efficient productivity. Failure for any human resource to manage diversity may be the root cause for the failure of the company. Diversity at workplace involves the incorporation or the coexistence of people of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds to a company (Barak, 2016). The different cultural characters include but not limited to age, gender, colour, physical disability and many others (Barak, 2016). With the increasing growth in business from being domestic, to multi-domestic, and finally to multinationals, diversity at workplace becomes crucial and important to facilitate achieving the companies goals. Human resource management has the responsibility of ensuring that this diverse workforce within the company gets an equal potential of exercising their abilities. Workplace diversity has been a great challenge to most of the human resource managers especially the international human resource managers as they are not able to understand the cross-cultural differences that exist between the home country and the host country (Barak, 2016). Workplace diversity challenges refer to the fact that the future success of the organization depends on how well the human resource will manage the diversity (Canas Sondak, 2013). When diversity is well managed by turning it into a strategic organizational asset, the success of the company will be sure. This refers to the ability of the human resource to welcome the diverse talents, innovative ideas and perspectives into the work (Canas Sondak, 2013). With this, it will be easy for the organization to meet the market expectations and respond to the business opportunities in a more creative manner. Management of diversity will assist the company not lose the talents to their competitors. In the management of the multinational corporations, embracing the cultural diversity is very much important as it will help in the development of the company and its future goals (Knippenberg, Ginkel Homan, 2013). Since workplace diversity as already indicated, is very important in the success of the organization, every human resource professional has to develop strategies of help in the management of these diversities. There are various strategies that can be employed to facilitate management of workplace diversity. Human resource should employ the strategy of diversity training (Knippenberg, Ginkel Homan, 2013).This entails training each profession on the importance of diversity and how diversity can be used to facilitate the success of the company. This will help to shape the diversity policies in the organization. Human resource should also embrace diversity in the leadership positions which will help to create visibility in the workplace (Chrobot-Mason, Ruderman Nishii, 2013). Openness within the company will be of great importance as far as the management of diversity is concerned. Every employee should be given equal opportunities to express their views and concerns about the companys goals (Chrobot-Mason, Ruderman Nishii, 2013).Human resource personnel should take diversity as the main challenge and work towards managing the diversity. Talent Management Talent management is of great importance to the multinational cooperation than domestic businesses. This is because of the increased diversity of the workforce. Just like any other business strategies, talent management strategy is very instrumental in the recruitment, training, retaining and attraction of highly skilled workers to the company (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). Talent management started in the 1990s and has since then be embraced by different companies to ensure success in their business (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). The development of talent management was very important especially in maintaining workers, who are the most important organizations assets. Companies that implement talent management develop various strategies that help them in the realization of the worker's skills, ability, and talents. These strategies include but not limited to managing and defining competitive salaries, training and development opportunities, attracting and recruiting of qu alified candidates and performance management processes retention programmes. Talent management which is also referred to as human capital management is the process of recruiting, managing, assessing, developing, and maintaining workers within an organization (Stahl et al., 2013). It is very instrumental as it helps the company be able to recruit competent personnel. It makes companies be strategic and deliberate on how they source, attract, select, develop, retain and promote employees. The competency of a worker is settled at by use of organizational core competencies. With the help of talent management, the company is also able to conduct performance management where the performance of an individual worker can be monitored (Stahl, 2012).Many human resource personnel is facing the challenge of embracing talent management in fear of getting new workers with inadequate skills, inability to retain key talents and the fear that attracting new talent will be a threat to competitiveness. This makes most them shy away from talent management. The critical factor about talent management is the effect that it has to the company when it is not properly implemented. There are various critical aspects that arise due to poor talent management from the human resource manager. These aspects include failure of a business, increased the cost of hiring and replacing an employee once found incompetent, cost of failing to attract and retain employees and the general cost encountered by the organizationwhen there is a vacant position (Vaiman, Scullions Collings, 2012). This is very critical aspects of talent management and has to be addressed by proper recruitment of employees (talent management). Retention of Employees Retention of employees is another great challenge that international human resource managers face. It is the ability of an organization to retain its employees. This is a difficult task that most of the organizations have failed to accomplish. Research done on the satisfactory level of employees in an organizationindicates that majority of the employees plan to look for a new job within the six months of employment, others are passionately already looking for the job (James Mathews, 2012). This possesses a great challenge to the management. In multinational cooperation, there is an increase in workforce diversity, making the expectations and the motivations of the employees to evolve too. It is the responsibility of the human resource managers to identify and understand his motivations and expectations of the workers so as to what is most valued by the workers. Understanding employees expectations and motivations will be important as far as the retention of the employee is concerned . The challenges faced by organizations due to inability to retain employees are very detrimental. The main challenge resulting from the failure of the organization to retain employees is the creation of leadership vacuum (James Mathews, 2012). High employee turnover rates prevent the organization from training the most achievers to assume the mentoring positions. The best performers are lost to the competitors together with their skills and abilities, leaving a great loss to the company. There are different ways in which the human resource will ensure retaining the employees. Among these,we have: motivating employees, increase in employees benefits, incentives and branding of employees (Bryant Allen, 2013). Branding of employees involves combining of both employees in the organization and those sourced outside the organization. Impact of the Trend and Challenges to the Human Resource Practices for MNC With the increased change in business environments, where business has gone global, trends and challenges affecting human resource management are also increasing. These trends and challenges are able to affect the entire human resource management practices. Multinational corporations have different human resource practices which include selection and recruitments of staff, compensation and reward systems, performance appraisals, training and development and repatriation needs (Ferner, Edwards Tempel, 2012). This section analyses how trend and challenges mentioned earlier impacts these practices. Selection and recruitment of employees Selection and recruitment of employee is an important aspect of human resource management. It is critical in that when a right person is selected for the position his performance will boost companys general performance (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). Recruitment of the right person for the position also prevents the extra expenses encored due to frequent training to the employee. MNC should advertise their recruitment openly and allow workforce diversity by taking in employees with different cultural diversities (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). It is a critical practice that should be done carefully to avoid great losses to the organization. Workplace diversity is seen to impact the practice of selection and recruitment of the employees. People of different cultures have to be employed in order to facilitate the blending of ideas in the organization (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013). Initially, human resource had to employ internally where there were minimal chances of an external employee to be absorbed. The benefits of workplace diversity have made it possible for the blending of employees. Talent management has also impacted in the selection and recruitment in that those candidates with the qualified skills and who are able to meet the required goals are selected. Talent management offers different qualities required for recruiting a worker (Thite, Budhwar Wilkiston, 2013) Compensation and Reward Systems Human resource management has a responsibility of compensating every worker and rewarding them too for work well done. The top achievers should be rewarded and given incentives to boost their morale (Gupta Shaw, 2014).Workplace diversity and talent management have a moderate effect on the compensation and rewarding policy of the company. Depending on the worker's talents and skills together with the originality and culture of the workers, the compensation policy will be affected. Every country has its own compensation culture, this allows the resource manager to work within the culture available in the host country. Employees with high marketable talents will reflect high compensation from the organization as compared to those with less productive talents. Organisations should also reward their employees and review their compensation more often just to help in retaining the employees in the organization (Gupta Shaw, 2014). Training and Development Every organization has a responsibility of training and developing employees. This is very important in ensuring the company fits in the competitive market. When employees are trained, their skills are improved and thus increasing their productivity levels (Tahir et al., 2014). Companies that invest in training workers will have an advantage as the workers will be updated on the current skills required. Workplace diversity, talent management and retention of employees as trends have impacted on this practice. With employees from diverse groups, the human resource has to offer training in order to ensure the culture and purpose of the organizationare well understood (Tahir et al., 2014).Training and development have also been used as a way of retaining employees within the organization since it makes employees loyal and committed to the organization. The inability of most companies to retain employees has made it possible for the establishment of training and development sessions for the employees. Job Security This is the best motivation that any employee deserves. In todays world, most of the employees are fired and hired at the companys own interest. This makes it difficult for the employees to have job satisfaction. When job security is assured to the employees, there is an increased performance as employees will be motivated (Kooij et al., 2013).Workplace diversity impacts a lot in this practice as it makes human resource managers able to provide job security before winning a great talent into the organization. There will be no or little workplace diversity when there is job insecurity in the organization (Kooij et al., 2013). Talent management and employee retention have also affected this practice. The entire process of talent management involves job security, this is because workers look for a better place where they can be satisfied and when there is job insecurity in a company, it becomes difficult to win skilled workers (Kooij et al., 2013). Human resource should ensure there is job security before hiring and training as this is what will attract talents. Retention of the employee as a challenge has made most of the organization to offer job security, this helps to retain workers who have a potential of being mentors and the top achievers (Kooij et al., 2013). Conclusion Change in business environments has made it possible for the establishment of multinational corporations. Human resource managers of multinational corporations have a greater responsibility which is not limited to administrative purposes of reviewing compensations and rewards. There has been a great change in the role of the human resource especially the international human resource. The change in the role of human resource management has been attributed to trends and challenges associated with the management. These trends and challenges include workplace diversity, retention of employees and talent management. The changing of the roles is made possible in order to accommodate the trends and challenges. Apart from these trends and challenges affecting human resource management roles it also affects their practices. The practices of the human resource have to be adjusted in order to eliminate any negative outcome that can come forth as a result of the trends and challenges. References Barak, M. E. M. (2016). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Bryant, P. C., Allen, D. G. (2013). Compensation, benefits and employee turnover: HR strategies for retaining top talent. Compensation Benefits Review, 45(3), 171-175. Canas, K., Sondak, H. (2013). Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Chan, A. (2017). The challenges of human resource management. Retrieved from https://work911.com/planningmaster/planningarticles/challengesofhrmgmt.htm. Accessed 5/09/17. Chrobot-Mason, D., Ruderman, M. N., Nishii, L. H. (2013). Leadership in a diverse workplace. In The Oxford handbook of diversity and work. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 1-4. James, L., Mathew, L. (2012). Employee retention strategies: IT industry. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 9(3), 79. Kaur, S. (2014). Key challenges and trends faced by human resource managers. International Journal of Management, 5(2), 36-41. Kooij, D. T., Guest, D. E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P. G., Dikkers, J. S. (2013). How the impact of HR practices on employee well?being and performance changes with age. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), 18-35. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016). Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Stahl, G., Bjrkman, I., Farndale, E., Morris, S. S., Paauwe, J., Stiles, P., ... Wright, P. (2012). Six principles of effective global talent management. Sloan Management Review, 53(2), 25-42. Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., Hashim, M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86. Thite, M., Budhwar, P., Wilkinson, A. (2014). Global HR roles and factors influencing their development: Evidence from emerging Indian IT services multinationals. Human Resource Management, 53(6), 921-946 Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making. Management Decision, 50(5), 925-941. Van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., Homan, A. C. (2013). Diversity mindsets and the performance of diverse teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(2), 183-193.

The Structure of Noun Phrases Essay Example

The Structure of Noun Phrases Essay Univerzitet Novi Pazar Odeljenje: Beograd Fakultet humanistickih nauka Odsek: filoloski Smer: Engleski jezik i knjizevnost Predmet: Sintaksa Engleskog jezika Student: Nikola Vukasovic Beograd, 01. 06. 2011 1. Introduction Among the five different types of phrases in English namely noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases and prepositional phrases, noun phrases are the most common playing various syntactic functions in the sentence and clause structure: subject, object and complement (of various kinds), apposition and attribute. They are used to refer to things that people want to talk about: people, objects, concepts, processes and all kind of entities. 2. Basic Noun Phrases Structurally speaking, in the first place, basic noun phrases consist of pronouns, numerals or nouns with articles (indefinite, definite or zero) or nouns with other closed-system items that occur before the noun head including pre-determiners (pre-det), determiners (det. ) and post-determiners (post-det. ). The underlined parts of the following sentences are good examples of basic noun phrases: |   |I |stayed at |home |during |all |the |last few |days |   | |   |pronoun |   |zero article + noun|   |pre-de |+ det |+ post-det |+ noun |   | |   |Some people |dislike |‘13’ |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |det. + noun |   |numeral | | | | | | | 2. Pronouns and Numerals Actually, pronouns are a special class of noun. As their names imply, they ‘replace’ nouns or rather whole noun phrases, since they cannot generally occur with determiners. For example, personal pronouns have two sets of case forms: subjective and objective: ‘I’/ ‘me’, ‘we’/ ‘us’, ‘he’/ ‘him’, ‘she’/ ‘her’, ‘they’/ ‘them’; ‘you’ and ‘it’ are exceptional in showing no distinction. Subjective personal pronouns function as subject and sometimes as subject complement while objective personal pronouns as object, prepositional complement and sometimes as subject complement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Structure of Noun Phrases specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These can be illustrated by: He is happy. I   saw him at the station. Like personal pronouns, other types of pronouns including reflexive, possessive, relative, demonstrative, interrogative, universal, assertive, non-assertive and negative pronouns are all basic noun phrases. Reflexive pronouns include ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ‘himself’, ‘herself’, ‘itself’, ‘ourselves’, ‘yourselves’ and ‘themselves’. He hurt himself yesterday. Possessive pronouns are ‘mine’, ‘ours’, ‘yours’, etc. This book is mine Relative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘that’, ‘which’, etc. The book, which is on the table, is mine. Demonstrative pronouns fall in two groups. One is â€Å"near† reference with ‘this’ and ‘these’; and the other â€Å"distant† reference with ‘that’ and ‘those’. This is my friend. Interrogative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘what’, etc. Who did you go with? Universal pronouns: ‘each’, ‘all’, and ‘every’ series: ‘everyone’, ‘everything’, etc. Everyone has his own ambitions. Partitive pronouns, parallel to the universal ones, consist of assertive pronouns including the ‘some’ group (‘some’, ‘someone’, ‘something’, etc. ; non-assertive with the ‘any’ series (‘any’, ‘anyone’, ‘anything’, etc. ); and negative with the ‘no’ series (‘none’, ‘no-oneâ€⠄¢, ‘nothing’, etc. ) Nobody has come yet. Apart from pronouns, numerals including cardinal numbers (‘one’, ‘two’, etc. ) and ordinal numbers (‘first’, ‘second’, etc. ) can form basic noun phrases, as in: Two is better than one. 2. 2 Basic Noun Phrases with Determiners Not only can basic noun phrases consist of pronouns or numerals, but they can also comprise a head noun with determiners or determiners modified by pre-determiners and/or post-determiners. The head noun of a noun phrase is the central element and decisive factor in performing the syntactic functions of the whole noun phrase. It can be singular count noun such as ‘book’, plural noun ‘books’ or mass noun like ‘ink’. Determiners can be indefinite article ‘a’ and ‘an’; definite article ‘the’; or zero article as in the noun phrase ‘books’. The use of articles is not the only possibility for determining nouns, but we can use such words as ‘no’, ‘what’, ‘this’, ‘some’, ‘every’, ‘each’ and ‘either’ before the head noun like ‘book’. These words, also called determiners, forming a set of closed-system, are mutually exclusive with each other, i. e. there cannot be more than one occurring before the head. Both ‘a the book’ and ‘a some book’ are ungrammatical. Determiners are in a â€Å"choice relation†, that is they occur one instead of another. In this respect, they are unlike ‘all’, ‘many’, ‘nice’, which are in a â€Å"chain relation†, occurring one after another as in: All the many nice pictures are collected. The articles are central to the class of determiners in that they have no function independent of the noun they precede. Other determiners like ‘some’ are also independent pronouns: A: I want the money. B: Here is the. (ungrammatical) B: Here is some. (grammatical) With regard to the co-occurrence of determiners with the noun classes singular count (‘book’), plural count (‘books’), and mass noun (‘ink’), there are six classes of determiners: (1) |The Possessive (‘my’, ‘your’, his’, etc. ) |+ |book | |Genitive (‘my father’s’, ‘Anne’s’, etc. | |books | |No | |ink | |Whose | | | |Which (ever) | | | |What (ever) | | | |Some (stressed) | | | |Any (stressed) | | | (2) Zero article |+ |books | |Some (unstressed) | |ink | |Any (unstressed) | | | |enough | | | (3) |This |+ |book | |that | |ink | (4) |These |+ |books | |Those | | | (5) A (n) |+ |book | |every | | | |each | | | |either | | | |neither | | | (6) |much |+ |ink | In addition to the determiners mentioned before, there are a large number of other closed-system items that occur before the head of noun phrases. These items, referred to as closed-system pre-modified, form three classes (pre-determiners, ordinals and quantifiers) which have been set up on the basis of the positions that they can have in relation to determiners and to each other. The first class of the closed-system pre-modifiers, pre-determiners, is unique in occurring before the determiners. They are: (1) ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’; (2) the multipliers ‘double’, ‘twice’, ‘three times’, etc. and fractions ‘one-third’, ‘two-fifths’, etc. and (3) ‘such’ and ‘what’ (exclamative). Like determiners, pre-determiners are mutually exclusive. Therefore, ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ have restriction on their co-occurrence with determiners and head nouns. The illustrations are as follows: †¢ All |All |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |singular count noun | |All |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | | | |Zero article | | | |All |+ |The, my, etc. + |mass noun | | | |This, that | | | | | |Zero article | | | All my life All the books All this paper †¢ Both |Both |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | | | |Zero article   | | | Both these books †¢ Half Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |singular count noun | | | |A, this, that | | | |Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |plural noun | | | |These, those | | | |Half |+ |The, my, etc. |+ |mass noun | | | |This, that | | | Half an hour These pre-determiners can occur only before articles or demonstratives, but none of them can occur with such quantitative determiners as ‘every’, ‘either’, ‘each’, ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’ and ‘enough’. However, ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ have ‘of’-construction which are optional with nouns and obligatory with personal pronouns: All (of) the students   = All of them All (of) my time   = All of it With a quantifier following, the ‘of’-construction is preferred All of the ten students All of the many girls ‘All’, ‘both’ and ‘half’ can be basic noun phrases: All/Both/ Half were allowed to go out. Apart from ‘all’, ‘both’ and ‘half’, the multipliers such as ‘double’, ‘twice’, ‘three times’, etc. can occur before determiner s to denote a number, an amount, etc. : Double their papers Twice his strength Three times this amount ‘Once’, ‘twice’, etc. an occur with determiners ‘a’, ‘every’, ‘each’, and ‘per’ (less commonly) to form â€Å"distributive† expressions with a temporal noun as head: |Once |a |  day | |Twice |every | | |Three times |each | | | |per | | Preceding the determiners can also be the fractions ‘one-third’, ‘two-fourths’, etc. which can have the alternative ‘of’-construction, e. g. : One-third the time One-third of the time ‘Such’ and exclamation ‘what’ can occur only with indefinite articles and zero one, e. g. : What/Such a nuisance. What/Such fine singing. The second class of closed-system pre-modifiers is ordinals which include the ordinal numbers (‘first’, ‘second’, etc. ) as well as ‘(an) other’, ‘next’, and ‘last’. These words are post-determiners, that is they must follow determiners in the noun phrase structure, but they precede quantifiers and adjectives as modifier.    |The |first |(cold) |months |   | |   |determiner |post-determiner (ordinal) |modifier |noun |   | Cardinal numbers and quantifiers belong to the third class of closed-system pre-modifiers. They are mutually exclusive, following determiners but preceding adjectives as modifier. Cardinal numbers are ‘one’ (with singular count nouns) and ‘two’, ‘three’, etc. (with plural nouns), e. g. : One good reason All (of) the three brothers Closed-system quantifiers are ‘many’ (with the comparatives ‘more’ and ‘most’), ‘few’ (‘fewer’, ‘fewest’),   ‘little’ (‘less’, ‘least’) and ‘several’ as in: Several interesting b ooks All her many good ideas A basic noun phrase may contain various determiners, more concretely, pre-determiners, determiners and post-determiners which are in a fixed order: |pre-determiners |determiners |post-determiner |Head noun | |   |   |ordinal |cardinal/quantifier |   | |Half |my |first |   |salary | |All |the | |   |books | |All |her | |many |questions | 3 Complex Noun Phrases Complex noun phrases contain three components: pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. 3. 1 Head Noun Like in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all, is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase. It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and (for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase. This is exemplified in: The only girl in this class is hardworking. All of the beautiful girls in my class are kind. Also, when the genitive is as pre-modification, the head nouns can be omitted: We met at the dentist’s last week. 3. 2 Pre-modification The second component of a complex noun phrase is pre-modification, also called pre-modifiers, including modifiers that stand before the head noun. Pre-modifiers can be closed-system and/or open-class items. Closed-system pre-modifiers are discussed in the structure of the basic noun phrases above. These items are optional in the complex noun phrases. Meanwhile, open-class pre-modifiers come after the closed-system ones and precede the head noun as in: |   |All these |young beautiful |girls |   | |   |determiner |adjective as pre-modifier |head |   | Pre-modifying adjectives can be those denoting general description (‘beautiful’, intelligent’, ‘good’, etc. ; age (‘young’, ‘old’, etc. ); size (‘big’, ‘small’, etc. ); shape (‘square’, ‘round’, etc. ); colour (‘red’, ‘blue’, etc. ); material (‘silk’, ‘metal’, etc. ); resemblance to a material (‘silken’ in silken hair, ‘cat-like’, etc. ); and provenance or style (‘British’, â €˜Parisian’, etc. ). These adjectives can be both attribute and complement. In addition, pre-modifying adjectives can be intensifying ones which have a heightening effect on the noun they modify or the reverse, a lowering effect, e. g. : ‘real’ (a real hero), ‘definite’ (a definite loss), ‘complete’ (a complete fool) and ‘close’ (a close friend). These adjectives are generally attributive only. Restrictive adjectives, another class of pre-modifying adjectives, restrict the reference of the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly, e. g. : ‘certain’ (a certain person), ‘exact’ (the exact answer), ‘only’ (the only occasion) and ‘very’ (the very man). Like intensifying adjectives, the restrictive ones are attributive only. However, there are a number of adjectives which cannot pre-modify the head, but can be predicative such as: ‘faint’, ‘ill’, ‘well’, ‘able’, ‘afraid’, etc. Not only are the head nouns pre-modified but pre-modifying adjectives can also be, especially when they are the first items after the determiner. In this case, it can be pre-modified in the same way as it can be in the predicative position. This is illustrated by: |   |His really quite unbelievably happy |family |   | |   |   |Head |   | With indefinite determiners, some intensifiers such as ‘so’ are differently used. ‘So’ is replaced by ‘such’, which precedes the determiner or else ‘so’ plus adjective would be placed before the determiner, e. g. : Such a beautiful girl So beautiful a girl Apart from pre-modifying adjectives, the head nouns of the complex noun phrases can be pre-modified by particles, either present or past, e. g. : an approaching man (present participle), the badly injured dog (past participle), etc. The head noun can also be pre-modified by genitives, e. g. these qualified doctors’ salaries,these doctors’ high salaries, etc. group genitives as in the teacher of English’s salary, an hour and a half’s discussion, etc. ; or other nouns as in the city council, a love story, etc. Another class of pre-modifiers is the type of denomical adjective often meaning â€Å"consisting of†, â€Å"involving†, or â€Å"relating to†. These items must come next before the head and can be preceded by a wide range of pre-modifying items, e. g. :   the pleasant social life, a city political problem, etc. Finally there are various classes of pre-modification, both closed-system and open-class. Therefore, when the complex noun phrases consist of different classes of pre-modifiers, they may be placed in a relevant order. The acceptable order of pre-modifiers in a complex noun phrase is as follows: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |(1) |a |book |with yellow covers (prepositional phrase) |   | |(2) |the |man |who told you the secret (finite clause) |   | |(3) |the |girl |speaking English fluently (nonfinite clause) |   | |(4) |a |shelf |full of books (adjective phrase) |   | |(5) |the |opera |Carmen (noun phrase) |   | |(6) |the |road |back (adverbial phrase) |   | In the example (1) ‘with yellow covers’ is a prepositional phrase post-modifying the head ‘book’. Apart from ‘with’, there is a wide range of prepositions that can be used, e. g. :   the road to London, the house beyond the church, a child of   five, etc. , including the complex prepositions, e. g. house on the top of the hill, action in case of emergency, etc. and those having participle forms as in problems concerning the environment. The commonest preposition in the noun phrase post-modification â₠¬Ëœof’ has a close correspondence to ‘have’ sentences: The ship has a funnel. the funnel of the ship The table has four legs. the four legs of the table However, some are relatable to ‘be’ sentences: London is a city. the city of London The news was the team’s victory the news of the team’s victory Also, the ‘of’ phrase can be used to express the subject or object relation: The bus arrived the arrival of the bus Someone imprisoned the murderer the imprisonment of the murderer In the example (2), the post-modifier is a relative or finite clause which can be restrictive or non-restrictive. There are a number of relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns: ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, ‘that’ (personal); ‘which’, ‘that’, ‘what’ (non-personal); ‘when’, a preposition plus ‘which’ (time); ‘where’, a preposition plus ‘which’ (place); and ‘why’, ‘for which’ (reason). While restrictive relative clauses help to define the head noun, the non-restrictive ones give additional information to it, as exemplified in: |   |The woman |who is standing outside |is my neighbour.    | |   |   |restrictive |   |   | |   |That is my neighbour, |who is standing outside. |   |   | |   |   |Non-restrictive |   |   | The exampl e (3) illustrates the post-modifier as a non-finite clause, present participle clause. The non-finite can be past participle clauses. |   |The only car |serviced in the garage |is mine. |   | |   |   |past participle clause |   |   | In addition, post-modifiers can be to-infinitive clauses: |   |The next flight |to arrive |was from London. |   | |   |The place |to stay for summer holidays |should be pleasant. |   | As is seen in the example (4), adjective phrases can be post-modifiers of the head noun in the complex noun phrases. The adjective phrases can usually be regarded as a reduced relative clause. Complex indefinite pronouns ending in –body, -one, -thing, and –where can be modified only post-positively, e. g. : Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it. The men (who were) present were his supporters. In the example (5), the phrase explicitly encodes the information that â€Å"Carmen is an opera†. For this reason, ‘ Carmen’ is traditionally said to be in apposition to ‘the opera’. Another minor type of post-modification illustrated in the example (6) is adverbial modification. Similarly, in the following examples, the adverbial phrases post-modify the head noun: the way ahead, the direction back, the hall downstairs, etc. Unlike pre-modifiers, their no grammatical limit to the number of post-modifiers occurring in a noun phrase, considerations of style and comprehensibility will normally keep them to one or two. Where we have more than one, the relative order tends to depend on the related properties of length and class, with shorter modifiers preceding longer ones, prepositional phrases preceding clauses: |   |A man |from Britain |who I was talking about last night |   | |   |   |prepositional phrase |relative clause | | 4 Conclusion In conclusion, noun phrases, either basic or complex are potentially very complicated. Most simply, basic noun phrases consist of just one overt element, pronouns of different types or numerals. Basic noun phrases, more complicatedly, comprise pre-determiners, determiners, post-determiners and the head nouns, the order of which is fixed. Complex noun phrases, as their names imply, are the most difficult of all. They consist of pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. Pre-modification includes closed-system and open-class items which are in the given order. Post-modification can be finite or non-finite clauses and adjective, noun, prepositional and adverbial phrases. SOURCES Aarts, B. ( 2001 ) English Syntax and Argumentation Brown, E. K. and J. E. Miller ( 1991 ) Syntax : A linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure examples and tables internet

Battle of Waxhaws in the American Revolution

Battle of Waxhaws in the American Revolution The Battle of Waxhaws was fought May 29, 1780, during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and was one of several American defeats in the South that summer. In late 1778, with the fighting in the northern colonies increasingly becoming a stalemate, the British began to expand their operations to the south. This saw troops under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell land and capture Savannah, GA on December 29. Reinforced, the garrison withstood a combined Franco-American attack led by Major General Benjamin Lincoln and  Vice Admiral Comte dEstaing the following year. Seeking to expand this foothold, the British commander-in-chief in North America,  Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, mounted a large expedition in 1780 to capture Charleston, SC. The Fall of Charleston Though Charleston had defeated an earlier British attack in 1776, Clintons forces were able to capture the city and Lincolns garrison on May 12, 1780 after a seven-week siege. The defeat marked the largest surrender of American troops during the war and left the Continental Army without a sizable force in the South. Following the American capitulation, British forces under Clinton occupied the city. Escaping North Six days later, Clinton dispatched Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis with 2,500 men to subdue the South Carolina back country. Advancing from the city, his force crossed the Santee River and moved towards Camden. En route, he learned from local Loyalists that South Carolina Governor John Rutledge was attempting to escape to North Carolina with a force of 350 men. This contingent was led by Colonel Abraham Buford and consisted of the 7th Virginia Regiment, two companies of the 2nd Virginia, 40 light dragoons, and two 6-pdr guns. Though his command included several veteran officers, the majority of Bufords men were untested recruits. Buford had originally been ordered south to aid in the Siege of Charleston, but when the city was invested by the British he received new directions from Lincoln to assume a position at Lenuds Ferry on the Santee River. Reaching the ferry, Buford soon learned of the citys fall and commenced withdrawing from the area. Retreating back toward North Carolina, he had a large lead on Cornwallis. Understanding that his column was too slow to catch the fleeing Americans, Cornwallis detached a mobile force under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton on May 27 to run down Bufords men. Departing Camden late on May 28, Tarleton continued his pursuit of the fleeing Americans. Armies Commanders Americans Colonel Abraham Buford420 men British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton270 men The Chase Tarletons command consisted of 270 men drawn from the 17th Dragoons, Loyalist British Legion, and a 3-pdr gun. Riding hard, Tarletons men covered over 100 miles in 54 hours. Warned of Tarletons rapid approach, Buford sent Rutledge ahead towards Hillsborough, NC with a small escort. Reaching Rugeleys Mill mid-morning on May 29, Tarleton learned that the Americans had camped there the previous night and were around 20 miles ahead. Pressing forward, the British column caught up with Buford around 3:00 PM at a location six miles south of the border near Waxhaws. The Battle of Waxhaws Defeating the American rearguard, Tarleton sent a messenger to Buford. Inflating his numbers to scare the American commander, he demanded Bufords surrender. Buford delayed responding while his men reached a more favorable position before replying, Sir, I reject your proposals, and shall defend myself to the last extremity. To meet Tarletons attack, he deployed his infantry into a single line with a small reserve to the rear. Opposite, Tarleton moved directly to assault the American position without waiting for his entire command to arrive. Forming his men on a small rise opposite the American line, he divided his men into three groups with one assigned to strike the enemy right, another the center, and the third the left. Moving forward, they began their charge approximately 300 yards from the Americans. As the British approached, Buford ordered his men to hold their fire until they were 10-30 yards away. While an appropriate tactic against infantry, it proved disastrous against cavalry. The Americans were able to fire one volley before Tarletons men shattered their line. With the British dragoons hacking with their sabers, the Americans began surrender while others fled the field. What happened next is a subject of controversy. One Patriot witness, Dr. Robert Brownfield, claimed that Buford waved a white flag to surrender. As he called for quarter, Tarletons horse was shot, throwing the British commander the ground. Believing their commander to have been attacked under a flag of truce, the Loyalists renewed their attack, slaughtering the remaining Americans, including wounded. Brownfield insinuates that this continuation of hostilities was encouraged by Tarleton (Brownfield Letter). Other Patriot sources claim that Tarleton ordered the renewed attack as he did not wish to be encumbered with prisoners. Regardless, the butchery continued with American troops, including wounded, being struck down. In his report after the battle, Tarleton stated that his men, believing him struck down, continued the fight with a vindictive asperity not easily restrained. After approximately fifteen minutes of fighting the battle concluded. Only around 100 Americans, including Buford, succeeded in escaping the field. Aftermath The defeat at Waxhaws cost Buford 113 killed, 150 wounded, and 53 captured. British losses were a light 5 killed and 12 wounded. The action at Waxhaws quickly earned Tarleton nicknames such as Bloody Ban and Ban the Butcher. In addition, the term Tarletons Quarter quickly came to mean that no mercy would be given. The defeat became a rallying cry in the region and led many to flock to the Patriot cause. Among those were numerous local militias, particularly those from over the Appalachian Mountains, which would play a key role at the Battle of Kings Mountain that October. Vilified by the Americans, Tarleton was decisively defeated by Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781. Remaining with Cornwallis army, he was captured at the Battle of Yorktown. In negotiating the British surrender, special arrangements had to be made to protect Tarleton due to his unsavory reputation. After the surrender, the American officers invited all of their British counterparts to dine with them but specifically forbade Tarleton from attending.

Suprime letting Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Suprime letting Literature review - Essay Example While there is no official credit profile that describes a sub prime borrower, it is generally accepted that people in the United States having a credit score below 620 points will fall into this category. In an attempt to tap this burgeoning market, lenders often speculate and take risks associated with lending to people with poor financial records. Sub prime offers an opportunity for borrowers with a less than ideal credit record to gain access to credit. It has been found that over the past six years, home ownership nationwide increased from 66 percent of the working population, to almost 70 percent. The pros and cons of sub prime markets will now be discussed in the literature review .The obvious advantage of Sub-Prime letting is of course the fact that people with poor credit history, low income and no assets are able to borrow money from many banks and lending company's .This is advantageous also as small or no deposit is accepted and this may prove attractive to many people wh o are not aware of the consequences of such borrowing or lending.However this market has its cons in the sense that it is unpredictable due to variable interest rate and the debtors may not be able to able to keep up with the payments thus causing credit victimization as the lenders may be able repossess the property/ business and are able to profit from re-sale through draconian lending contracts. Aims The main research question therefore is "To what extent has the sub- prime phenomenon of the US financial markets affected the UK economy" The reason for selecting this topic is the recent financial crisis in the US sub-prime markets which has caused a world wide concern as to its concerns for its e effects and fall-outs on the EU Bloc which includes the UK. The research will be undertaken through a variety of secondary and primary research methodologies to have a better understanding of the research question within the given time scale.Secondary Research Questions What is Sub-Prime letting What is the relationship between the UK and American Housing market What are the current conditions in the American Housing market with reference to Sub prime letting The aim is to identify the correlations between American Mortgage lenders and the UK lenders. Economic conditions, interest rates, inflations and other factors. With reference to economic conditions we may be able to identify as to why people are subjected to the sub prime market. What are the pros and cons of sub prime mortgage lending Research Strategy Research is a fact finding activity (Dominowski, 1980). The aim of primary research is to make known something previously unknown to human beings and to advance human knowledge by making it more certain or better fitting; the aim is discovery (Elias, 1986). Kerlinger (1970) uses more technical language to define it as the systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural phenomena. The research philosophy depends on the way we think about the development of knowledge and this thinking affects the way we do search (Saunders 2000). Whilst undertaking the research, a clear understanding of

Influences on the Work of John Keats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influences on the Work of John Keats - Essay Example As emphasized, these adversities allegedly contributed to his understanding of the role of the artist as the explorer of how art’s power can bring meaning and consolation to people’s suffering. (Poetry Foundation, 2014, par. 5). The current discourse hereby contends that the biggest influences on the work of John Keats include personal experiences on loneliness, love, and illness. The biography of John Keats revealed that the poet wrote his famous odes, with thoughts of longing for his brothers. One of his brothers, Tom, reportedly died of tuberculosis, while George, another brother, departed to America (Stanford University, 2011). The works were described to have been strongly influenced by emotions ranging from loneliness, longing, and despair, to wit: â€Å"The poems known as the Great Odes—â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn,† â€Å"Ode to Melancholy,† â€Å"To Autumn,† and others, written in the spring of 1819, after Tom’s death and George’s departure—describe the misery into which the poet had plunged after the loss of his brothers. Likewise, the themes in some of these odes have been influenced by the poet’s adeptness to focus on humanities and the arts as a means of dissociating himself to feelings of isolation. More specifically, in the â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†, the narrator describes his fascination with the expressive power of music, and in the â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the speaker talks about his admiration of how sculpture reflects the stories frozen in time. The influence of romance or love were also noted to be present in some of Keats’ works. As love had been a strong emotional force that provided the impetus and inspiration for other literary artists, John Keats’ romantic experiences shared similar influence. Accordingly, one influential person in Keats’ life was Isabella Jones (Poem Hunter, 2014). As  emphasized in various works, the poet used to visit her frequently during the winter of 1818-1819; he also stated that their relationship was intimate.